Seminar in Bioinformatics (236818)

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Presentation transcript:

Seminar in Bioinformatics (236818) Yaniv Bechochma

INTRO We are in the midst of the fastest growing revolution in molecular biology, perhaps in all of life science, and it appears to be speeding up. We still know very little about the vast diversity of micro-organisms, their metabolic pathways and microbial activity in natural environments.

INTRO Data gathered is not only theoretical. It holds the promise of practical applications in the control of infectious diseases, in the production of biotechnology goods and services and in environmental remediation.

Metagenomics definition: Metagenomics can be defined as the analysis of sequence and/or function of microbial genomes within a selected environmental sample.

Over 340 studies and over 2000 samples have been performed, As described by Wooley מחקרים מטגנומיים רבים הראו במידה מסוימת התאמה בין הגנום, סביבה ותכונות סביבתיות בניסיון להשיג תובנה ביולוגית

Overview of Metagenomics for Marine Biodiversity Research Barton E. Slatko

מכיוון ש בערך 95% מהחיידקים באוקיינוסים לא יכולים לגדול בתנאי מעבדה, שיטות האיסוף צריכות להמנע משלב הגידול במעבדה Raja Ampat Coral Triangle, Indonesia (photo by Lakshmi Sawitri, Flickr Creative Commons)

Microbial diversity in the coastal and marine environments can be measured by various methods. These include species diversity and phylogenetic diversity. Marine microbial diversity is commonly quantified based on evolutionary distances based on a common genetic marker that evolves slowly through evolutionary time.

When considering a metagenomic project, a number of decisions should be considered:

1 The concept: what to sample (microbiome 1 The concept: what to sample (microbiome?) 2 Funding: Does the project need to be hypothesis driven or can it be descriptive? 3 Where to sample? 4 Sampling technique(contamination minimizing) 5 Archiving samples 6 DNA purification/cloning or DNA sampling (labor, $$, equipment, lab space) 7 DNA sequencing 8 Data storage and retrieval 9 Data analysis 10 Resampling/consistency 11 Comparative analysis 12 Use of data, publishing, advocacy

DNA sequencing as the method of choice or phylogenetic environmental monitoring For phylogenetic purposes, it is obviously not necessary to sequence entire microbial genomes, but rather use selected information.

Shotgun Sequencing ריצוף בשיטת רובה הצייד היא שיטה המשמשת לריצוף גדילי DNA ארוכים שיטה זו נקראית כך כמו דפוס הירי של רובה הציד (אקראי ומתפשט במהירות) שיטה זו הייתה אחת הטכנולוגיות הראשונות שאיפשרו ריצוף מלא של הגנום. [1]

Next-generation sequencing ”NextGen” sequencing requires no cloning but still utilizes DNA isolated from an environmental sample for library construction. In general, after massively parallel sequencing, informatic selection can be used to identify and utilize particular sequences for analysis כלומר זיהוי הרצף של מולקולת DNA חד-גדילית מסוימת מבוצע במהלך הפולימרזציה (קישור ) של הגדיל המשלים ונסמכת עליה.

כמו שרואים תהליך B זהו הסינון [2]

It should be noted that the concept of “filtering” can have two distinct meanings: 1.Physical filtering 2.Computational filtering

The physical filtering of environmental samples has two main goals: (1) Obtaining as much as one can of what one wants (2) Leaving out as much as one can from what one does not want. סינון שמסתמך רק על גודל הוא כמעט בלתי אפשרי... לדוגמא אם אנו מעוניינים בפרט מסוים למשל בבקטריות בלבד נרצה לסנן ולקחת רק אורגניזמים בטווח הגודל הזה,(כמובן שיכולים להתלוות להם מרכיבים אחרים בגדלים אלו שאינם מה שאנו מחפשים ) ומצד שני כמו כן יכולים להסתנן מרכיבים שרצינו כי הם גדלים בצורת מושבות של חיידקים

Computational filtering can be used after sequencing Computational filtering can be used after sequencing. Genomic material that is obviously interest can be filtered in using similarity searches against annotated sequence databases. המשך לשקופית: ולכן משתמשים באינפורמציה כדי לחפש גנים ולשלול רצפים ברורים שלא צריכים (חומר גנטי של אאוקריוטים כאשר מחפשים לנתח חומר גנטי של פרוקריוטים), בטכניקה זו גם אפשר לזהות זיהומים בדגימות.

Conclusions The oceans and coastal environments are extremely diverse including microbial life. This diversity is being explored by traditional sequencing methods as well as through large scale DNA sequencing approaches. New genes and proteins families have been discovered through the application of metagenomics in various marine environments, including extreme environments. המשך לשקופית: במשך עשרות השנים האחרונות נערכו מחקרים שונים ונמצא שבאוקיינוסים יש מגוון ביולוגי שאין דומה לו. מולקולות חדשות הרלוונטיות לבריאות ולתעשיית הביוטכנולוגיה התגלו ממערכת אקולוגית המגוונת הזו.

REFERNCES Commins, J., Toft, C., Fares, M. A. - "Computational Biology Methods and Their Application to the Comparative Genomics of Endocellular Symbiotic Bacteria of Insects." Biol. Procedures Online (2009). Accessed via SpringerImages. A Primer on Metagenomics John C. Wooley, Adam Godzik, Iddo Friedberg