Jean-Paul Sartre and Existentialism.

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Presentation transcript:

Jean-Paul Sartre and Existentialism

Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) Nausea (novel) – 1938 The Wall (stories) – 1939 The Flies (play) – 1943 Being and Nothingness – 1943 No Exit (play) – 1944 Roads to Liberty (novel trilogy) – 1945-49 Existentialism is a Humanism – 1946 What is Literature? (essay) – 1947 Notebooks for an Ethics (posthum.) – 1948 Search for a Method – 1957 The Condemned of Altona (play) – 1959 Critique of Dialectical Reason – 1960 Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986)

«A writer must refuse to allow himself to be transformed into NY Times, 1964 (Existentialist thinks his writings would be compromised.) «A writer must refuse to allow himself to be transformed into an institution.»

Existentialism: An Ontology (Being and Subjectivity) Ambiguity of Being Human Being-in-itself (objecthood, facticity, non-conscious) Being-for-itself (indeterminate subjecthood, transcendence, consciousness)

Existentialism: An Ontology (Intersubjectivity) Being-for-others (objectification, alienation, gaze of the other) Human reality is an uneasy combination of the three kinds of being

«What if there is no God?»: Meaning of Life? Love and Death, Woody Allen (1975) https://youtu.be/Ob8my6YrOAE

Existentialism: An Ethics of Freedom Existence precedes essence Man is what he makes of himself Man is freedom and responsibility Man must choose himself (what he concretely does in a situation) abandonment, anguish The Scream, Edvard Munch (1893 version)

Existentialism: An Ethics of Authenticity Bad faith vs. free choice Seeing as necessity, fact or inevitable what is undecided or a choice Seeing oneself as an object («Me» or Ego) Mauvaise foi: Bad faith, self-deception Flight from freedom and contingency

Existentialism contra Bad Faith and Inauthenticity

«The Wall»: Spanish Revolution and Civil War (1936-39) Tom Mann Company International Brigade fighters from Britain (Tom Steinbock from Ireland) Anarchist and Socialist Workers’ Unions (Spanish anarchist Pablo Ibbieta)

«The Wall»: Questions for Section What does the figure of the «wall» stand for in the story? What are the reactions or realizations of the three characters as they wait to be executed in the morning? What happens when the dimension of the future is closed to the characters? What kind of choices, if any, are made by the characters under the circumstances depicted in the story? How can we interpret the ending of the story from an existentialist point of view?