Warm-Up – 11/18 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: What are the three flight situations in which a stall may occur? In a turn what must be applied to the yoke/stick to increase the aircraft AOA and if excessive AOA occurs in a turn what may happen to the aircraft? To balance an aircraft aerodynamically, what is located aft of CoG and what does this make the aircraft “naturally feel?” What happens to the airfoil shape if ice, snow or sleet is allowed to form on the airfoil and what effect does this have on the airflow? If ice is allowed to form on the airfoil what is increased and what is decreased as a result?

Questions / Comments

Warm-Up – 11/18 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: What are the three flight situations in which a stall may occur? In a turn what must be applied to the yoke/stick to increase the aircraft AOA and if excessive AOA occurs in a turn what may happen to the aircraft? To balance an aircraft aerodynamically, what is located aft of CoG and what does the make the aircraft “naturally feel?” What happens to the airfoil shape if ice, snow or sleet is allowed to form on the airfoil and what effect does this have on the airflow? If ice is allowed to form on the airfoil what is increased and what is decreased as a result?

Aerodynamic Forces in Flight Maneuvers Stalls There are three flight situations in which the critical AOA can be exceeded: low speed, high speed, and turning.

Warm-Up – 11/18 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: What are the three flight situations in which a stall may occur? In a turn what must be applied to the yoke/stick to increase the aircraft AOA and if excessive AOA occurs in a turn what may happen to the aircraft? To balance an aircraft aerodynamically, what is located aft of CoG and what does the make the aircraft “naturally feel?” What happens to the airfoil shape if ice, snow or sleet is allowed to form on the airfoil and what effect does this have on the airflow? If ice is allowed to form on the airfoil what is increased and what is decreased as a result?

Aerodynamic Forces in Flight Maneuvers Stalls In a turn, additional lift is acquired by applying back pressure to the elevator control. This increases the wing’s AOA, and results in increased lift.

Aerodynamic Forces in Flight Maneuvers Stalls If during a turn the AOA becomes excessive, the aircraft stalls.

Warm-Up – 11/18 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: What are the three flight situations in which a stall may occur? In a turn what must be applied to the yoke/stick to increase the aircraft AOA and if excessive AOA occurs in a turn what may happen to the aircraft? To balance an aircraft aerodynamically, what is located aft of CoG and what does this make the aircraft “naturally feel?” What happens to the airfoil shape if ice, snow or sleet is allowed to form on the airfoil and what effect does this have on the airflow? If ice is allowed to form on the airfoil what is increased and what is decreased as a result?

Aerodynamic Forces in Flight Maneuvers Stalls To balance the aircraft aerodynamically, the CL is normally located aft of the CG. This makes the aircraft inherently nose-heavy, downwash on the horizontal stabilizer counteracts this condition.

Warm-Up – 11/18 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: What are the three flight situations in which a stall may occur? In a turn what must be applied to the yoke/stick to increase the aircraft AOA and if excessive AOA occurs in a turn what may happen to the aircraft? To balance an aircraft aerodynamically, what is located aft of CoG and what does the make the aircraft “naturally feel?” What happens to the airfoil shape if ice, snow or sleet is allowed to form on the airfoil and what effect does this have on the airflow? If ice is allowed to form on the airfoil what is increased and what is decreased as a result?

Aerodynamic Forces in Flight Maneuvers Stalls Airfoil shape and degradation of that shape must also be considered in a discussion of stalls. If ice, snow, and frost are allowed to accumulate on the surface of an aircraft, the smooth airflow over the wing is disrupted.

Warm-Up – 11/18 – 10 minutes Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions: What are the three flight situations in which a stall may occur? In a turn what must be applied to the yoke/stick to increase the aircraft AOA and if excessive AOA occurs in a turn what may happen to the aircraft? To balance an aircraft aerodynamically, what is located aft of CoG and what does the make the aircraft “naturally feel?” What happens to the airfoil shape if ice, snow or sleet is allowed to form on the airfoil and what effect does this have on the airflow? If ice is allowed to form on the airfoil what is increased and what is decreased as a result?

Aerodynamic Forces in Flight Maneuvers Stalls If ice is allowed to accumulate on the aircraft during flight the weight of the aircraft is increased while the ability to generate lift is decreased.

Questions / Comments

THIS DAY IN AVIATION November 18 1930 — The Boeing XP-9 monoplane fighter makes its first flight in Dayton, Ohio.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION November 18 1949 — A United States Air Force Douglas C-74 “Globemaster” carries a record number of 103 persons.

Questions / Comments

November 2013 3 4 5 Chapter 4 Forces of Flight - Turns 6 7 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday   3 4 5 Chapter 4 Forces of Flight - Turns 6 7 Forces of Flight – Climbs Decents 8 9 10 11 No School 12 Forces of Flight Stalls 13 14 15 16 17 18 Basic Propeller Principles 19 20 Chapter 4 Quiz Flight Simulator 21 22 FltLine Friday Progress Reports 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Questions / Comments

Chapter 4 – Aerodynamics of Flight FAA – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

Today’s Mission Requirements Identify in writing the forces acting on an aircraft in flight. Describe how the forces of flight work and how to control them with the use of power and flight controls essential to flight. Describe the aerodynamics of flight. Describe in writing how design, weight, load factors, and gravity affect an aircraft during flight maneuvers. EQ: Describe the importance of Aeronautical Knowledge for the student pilot learning to fly.

Basic Propeller Principles The aircraft propeller consists of two or more blades and a central hub to which the blades are attached. Each blade of an aircraft propeller is essentially a rotating wing.

Basic Propeller Principles The propeller blades are like airfoils and produce forces that create the thrust to pull, or push, the aircraft through the air.

Basic Propeller Principles The blade element is an airfoil comparable to a cross-section of an aircraft wing. One surface of the blade is cambered or curved, similar to the upper surface of an aircraft wing, while the other surface is flat like the bottom surface of a wing.

Basic Propeller Principles The chord line is an imaginary line drawn through the blade from its leading edge to its trailing edge. As in a wing, the leading edge is the thick edge of the blade that meets the air as the propeller rotates.

Basic Propeller Principles The pitch of a propeller may be designated in inches. A propeller designated as a “74-48” would be 74 inches in length and have an effective pitch of 48 inches.

Basic Propeller Principles The pitch is the distance in inches, which the propeller would screw through the air in one revolution if there were no slippage.

Basic Propeller Principles The shape of the blade also creates thrust because it is cambered like the airfoil shape of a wing. As the air flows past the propeller, the pressure on one side is less than that on the other.

Basic Propeller Principles The airflow over the wing has less pressure, and the force (lift) is upward. Instead of a horizontal plane, the area of decreased pressure is in front of the propeller, and the force (thrust) is in a forward direction.

Basic Propeller Principles The reason a propeller is “twisted” is that the outer parts of the propeller blades, like all things that turn about a central point, travel faster than the portions near the hub.

Basic Propeller Principles Propeller blades are twisted to change the blade angle in proportion to the differences in speed of rotation along the length of the propeller, keeping thrust more nearly equalized along this length.

Questions / Comments

Lesson Closure - 3 – 2 - 1 2. List 2 things you have questions about today’s lesson. 3. List 3 things you learned today. 1. Create (1) quiz question with answer about today’s lesson.