PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Shier w Butler w Lewis Chapter 15 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chapter 15 Cardiovascular System

Size of Heart Average Size of Heart 14 cm long 9 cm wide

Location of Heart posterior to sternum medial to lungs anterior to vertebral column base lies beneath 2nd rib apex at 5th intercostal space lies upon diaphragm

Blood Vessels arteries carry blood away from ventricles of heart arterioles receive blood from arteries carry blood to capillaries capillaries sites of exchange of substances between blood and body cells venules receive blood from capillaries veins carry blood toward ventricle of heart

Coverings of Heart

Know the layer and the function for test. Wall of the Heart Know the layer and the function for test.

Wall of the Heart

Heart Chambers Right Atrium receives blood from Left Atrium inferior vena cava superior vena cava coronary sinus Left Atrium receives blood from pulmonary veins Right Ventricle receives blood from right atrium Left Ventricle receives blood from left atrium

Know the valve and the function for the test. Heart Valves Know the valve and the function for the test.

For test, be able to label the part of the heart and show the flow of blood. Distinguish between oxygenated and deoxygenated.

Aorta Superior Vena Cava Pulmonary Artery Pulmonary Veins Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve Right Ventricle Inferior Vena Cava Left Atrium Mitral Valve Aortic Valve Left Ventricle

Sheep Heart Dissection

Coronal Sections of Heart

Heart Valves Tricuspid Valve Pulmonary and Aortic Valve

Skeleton of Heart fibrous rings to which the heart valves are attached

Path of Blood Through the Heart

Path of Blood Through the Heart For test, know order of blood flow through the heart.

Blood Supply to Heart

Angiogram of Coronary Arteries

Heart Actions Atrial Diastole/Ventricular Systole Atrial Systole/Ventricular Diastole Atrial Diastole/Ventricular Systole

Cardiac Cycle Atrial Systole/Ventricular Diastole blood flows passively into ventricles remaining 30% of blood pushed into ventricles A-V valves open/semilunar valves close ventricles relaxed ventricular pressure increases

Cardiac Cycle Ventricular Systole/Atrial diastole A-V valves close chordae tendinae prevent cusps of valves from bulging too far into atria atria relaxed blood flows into atria ventricular pressure increases and opens semilunar valves blood flows into pulmonary trunk and aorta

Heart Sounds Lubb first heart sound occurs during ventricular systole A-V valves closing Dupp second heart sound occurs during ventricular diastole pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves closing Murmur – abnormal heart sound

Heart Sounds

Cardiac Conduction System

Cardiac Conduction System

Muscle Fibers in Ventricular Walls

Electrocardiogram recording of electrical changes that occur in the myocardium used to assess heart’s ability to conduct impulses P wave – atrial depolarization QRS wave – ventricular depolarization T wave – ventricular repolarization

Electrocardiogram

Electrocardiogram A prolonged QRS complex may result from damage to the A-V bundle fibers

Clinical Application Arrhythmias Ventricular fibrillation Tachycardia rapid, uncoordinated depolarization of ventricles Tachycardia rapid heartbeat Atrial flutter rapid rate of atrial depolarization

Cardiac Cycle

Regulation of Cardiac Cycle Autonomic nerve impulses alter the activities of the S-A and A-V nodes Pacemakers

Regulation of Cardiac Cycle Additional Factors that Influence HR physical exercise body temperature concentration of various ions potassium calcium parasympathetic impulses decrease heart action sympathetic impulses increase heart action cardiac center regulates autonomic impulses to the heart

Capillary Network

Arterial Blood Pressure Blood Pressure – force the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels Arterial Blood Pressure rises when ventricles contract falls when ventricles relax systolic pressure – maximum pressure diastolic pressure – minimum pressure

Pulse alternate expanding and recoiling of the arterial wall that can be felt

Major Vessels of the Venous System

Life-Span Changes cholesterol deposition in blood vessels heart enlargement death of cardiac muscle cells increase in fibrous connective tissue of the heart increase in adipose tissue of the heart increase in blood pressure decrease in resting heart rate

Open Heart Surgert Angioplasty and Stent Surgery