Plant Cell Yeast Cell Animal Cell Cell wall Bacterial Cell No nucleus Oils and fats B2) Biology Protein Sperm cell Plant Nutrients Nitrates from the soil- contain nitrogen to make proteins COPS Uses of glucose ( as well as respiration) N Egg cell Algae Starch Used in lungs O2 diffuses into the blood and CO2 diffuses into lungs Cellulose Root hair cell Keywords:, cell membrane ,Chloroplast, Vacuole, Cell wall, Nucleus, Ribosome, mitochondria What adaptations do these cells have for their jobs? Plant organs Plants and algae do photosynthesis Carbon dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen Red blood cell Light and chlorophyll are also needed PLANT TISSUES Waxy epidermal layer is waterproof Palisade layer-cells contain lots of chloroplasts to capture light- most photosynthesis Stomata on lower surface to allow gases in/out Mesophyll – middle bit of the leaf where photosynthesis happens 3 Limiting factors -light -temperature -CO2 At first as CO2 increases so does photosynthesis but only up to a certain point Here light or temperature is the limiting factor. Nerve cell White blood cell Limiting factor, chlorophyll, epidermal, mesophyll, palisade, specialised cell, nitrates, cellulose, starch, diffusion, glucose, algae

1) 2) 3) A cell nucleus contains 46 (23 pairs) of Chromosomes, which carry genes. Different versions of genes are called alleles. Uses of Enzymes -Biological washing powders -In baby foods -In slimming foods- fructose is made using isomerases. Fructose is sweeter than glucose so less is needed. Polydactyly: An inherited disorder where the person has more than the usual number of toes Enzymes –biological catalysts that speed up reactions e.g. respiration in the mitochondria Reactions in the cytoplasm 1) Enzyme and substrate 2)Substrate binds to active site 3) Substrate is broken down Meiosis –used to make the sex cells (gametes) -the chromosomes are copied -cell divides twice to give four cells - The cells have half the usual number of chromosomes Inheritance- Parents who are both carriers of the Cystic fibrosis allele (c). Parents Cc x Cc Gametes C or c x C or c (egg/sperm) C c Possible Outcomes C 75% Normal c 25% sufferers CC Cc cc Mitosis-used for normal cell growth 1) Parent cell 2) Chromosomes make identical copies of themselves 3)They line up along the centre 4) They move apart 5)Two daughter cells form each with 46 chromosomes, ie identical to the parent cell Enzymes and digestion Large molecules are broken down so they can be absorbed. -Amylase breaks down starch into sugars in the mouth and small intestine. -Proteases breakdown proteins into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine. -Lipases breakdown fats into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine. Starch glucose Cystic Fibrosis Caused by recessive allele (so two copies of allele are needed). A thick sticky mucus is produced affecting air passages and digestive systems Distribution of organisms- sample with quadrats randomly or on a transect Mendel’s peas 46=chromosomes in normal cell 23=chromosomes in sex cells Fossils: Evidence of past species, some of which are now extinct, or have evolved through natural selection into different species (speciation) Meiosis, mitosis, gene, chromosome, stem cells, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, monohybrid, polydactyly