Fig. 1. Simplified overview of flavonol and anthocyanin biosynthesis within the phenylpropanoid pathway and its regulation in grape by characterized MYB.

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Fig. 1. Simplified overview of flavonol and anthocyanin biosynthesis within the phenylpropanoid pathway and its regulation in grape by characterized MYB genes (flavan-3-ols are not shown in this pathway). The repressor MYB4 is shown in red, while all MYB activators are shown in green. Abbreviations: CHS, chalcone synthase; CHI, chalcone isomerase; F3H/F3′H/F3′5′H, flavonoid hydroxylases; DFR, dihydroflavonol-4-reductase; ANS/LDOX, anthocyanidin synthase/leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase; UFGT, UDP glucose:flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase; FLS, flavonol synthase; and OMT, O-methyltransferase. (This figure is available in colour at JXB online.) From: Post-veraison sunlight exposure induces MYB-mediated transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin and flavonol synthesis in berry skins of Vitis vinifera J Exp Bot. 2009;60(3):853-867. doi:10.1093/jxb/ern336 J Exp Bot | © 2009 The Author(s).This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)

Fig. 2. (A) Experimental design and data sampling for different light exposure and leaf removal treatments. Coloured clusters represent the grape phenologies observed during the different periods of ripening. Even-numbered weeks (squares) were sampled for HPLC flavonoid analysis, while odd-numbered weeks (asterisks) were sampled for RNA extraction and gene expression quantification. Symbols on the right correspond to each treatment as used in Figs 4–7. (B) Field photograph of grapes before and after T3 treatment (leaves were moved aside but not removed). (This figure is available in colour at JXB online.) From: Post-veraison sunlight exposure induces MYB-mediated transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin and flavonol synthesis in berry skins of Vitis vinifera J Exp Bot. 2009;60(3):853-867. doi:10.1093/jxb/ern336 J Exp Bot | © 2009 The Author(s).This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)

Fig. 3. PAR measurements taken at 4 weeks after veraison for shaded and exposed clusters from the east side of one of the experimental rows. Incident PAR is included. (A) Arrow indicates the position of the PAR meter in each cluster. (B) Daily measurements from 08.00 h to 18.00 h. From: Post-veraison sunlight exposure induces MYB-mediated transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin and flavonol synthesis in berry skins of Vitis vinifera J Exp Bot. 2009;60(3):853-867. doi:10.1093/jxb/ern336 J Exp Bot | © 2009 The Author(s).This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)

Fig. 7. Changes in total berry skin flavonol content (A) and transcription levels of the flavonol biosynthetic gene FLS4 and its putative regulator MYB12 (B) under different light exposure or leaf removal treatments. (filled inverted triangles) T1 exposed; (open circles) T2 delayed; (filled circles) T3 shaded; (open triangles) T4 leaf removal. Vertical bars indicate the standard deviation (three biological replicates). Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments for each ripening stage as calculated by Tukey statistical analysis (P <0.05). From: Post-veraison sunlight exposure induces MYB-mediated transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin and flavonol synthesis in berry skins of Vitis vinifera J Exp Bot. 2009;60(3):853-867. doi:10.1093/jxb/ern336 J Exp Bot | © 2009 The Author(s).This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)

Fig. 4. Concentration of total and 3-O-glycosylated anthocyanin compounds from the different light exposure treated berry skins, taken from 2–8 weeks after veraison. (filled inverted triangles) T1 exposed; (open circles) T2 delayed; (filled circles) T3 shaded; (open triangles) T4 leaf removal. Anthocyanin concentrations are calculated in malvidin equivalents. Vertical bars indicate the standard deviation (three biological replicates). Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments as calculated by Tukey statistical analysis (P <0.05). From: Post-veraison sunlight exposure induces MYB-mediated transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin and flavonol synthesis in berry skins of Vitis vinifera J Exp Bot. 2009;60(3):853-867. doi:10.1093/jxb/ern336 J Exp Bot | © 2009 The Author(s).This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)

Fig. 5. Changes in the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, the MYBA regulator and HEXOSE TRANSPORTER1, under different light exposure or leaf removal treatments. (filled inverted triangles) T1 exposed; (open circles) T2 delayed; (closed circles) T3 shaded; (open triangles) T4 leaf removal. Transcript levels are expressed in relation to the VvUBIQUITIN1 gene. Vertical bars indicate the standard deviation (three biological replicates). Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments as calculated by Tukey statistical analysis (P <0.05). From: Post-veraison sunlight exposure induces MYB-mediated transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin and flavonol synthesis in berry skins of Vitis vinifera J Exp Bot. 2009;60(3):853-867. doi:10.1093/jxb/ern336 J Exp Bot | © 2009 The Author(s).This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)

Fig. 6. Changes in transcript levels of MYB, MYC, and WDR regulators of different branches of flavonoid synthesis, under different light exposure or leaf removal treatments. (filled inverted triangles) T1 exposed; (open circles) T2 delayed; (filled circles) T3 shaded; (open triangles) T4 leaf removal. Transcript levels are expressed in relation to the VvUBIQUITIN1 gene. Vertical bars indicate the standard deviation (three biological replicates). Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments as calculated by Tukey statistical analysis (P <0.05). From: Post-veraison sunlight exposure induces MYB-mediated transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin and flavonol synthesis in berry skins of Vitis vinifera J Exp Bot. 2009;60(3):853-867. doi:10.1093/jxb/ern336 J Exp Bot | © 2009 The Author(s).This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.This paper is available online free of all access charges (see http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/open_access.html for further details)