Approximate activity space required Sanitation ventilated lobby area of opening to be at least 1/20th of the total floor area habitable room, office or working area bedroom, providing another WC is available in the building 0.7 m 0.6 m activity space activity space average height 1m 0.8 m 0.8 m 0.7 m Wash hand basin WC pans Approximate activity space required activity space 1.7 m 2.3 m activity space 1.0 m 0.6 m 0.7 m 0.7 m Baths From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 299 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com Sanitary accommodation

Sanitation Sanitary appliances 1 Waste appliances cleaner’s sink crockery sink (RH drainer) ‘Belfast’ butler sink 300 mm washbasin pedestal bidet bath Waste appliances shower tray Sanitary appliances 1 From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 301 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

close coupled double trap Sanitation flush pipe flush pipe bib cocks washdown WC pan close coupled double trap siphonic WC pan hinged grate sparge pipe slop hopper single trap siphonic WC pan Soil appliances slab urinal flush pipe spreaders bowl urinal trough urinal stall urinal From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 303 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com Sanitary appliances 2

Sanitation Operation of valve type flushing cistern Plunger type ball float overflow service valve Inlet supply stainless steel spring Diaphragm plunger washer piston being lifted by water pressure and in so doing also lifting the outlet valve Plunger type flushing cistern flush pipe Flushing siphon Flushing valve 3-port valve open flexible inlet connection valve open and water filling the cistern arm holds valve in up position float operated valve spring outlet valve flushing valve water discharging into the WC pan Operation of valve type flushing cistern From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 305 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Sanitation Flushing cistern Dual flush Automatic flushing siphon lever handle flushing cistern air gets in here to break siphonic action unless the lever arm is held down sealing off the hole Dual flush syphon diaphragm plunger washer flush pipe Automatic flushing siphon Dual flush siphon Photo shows hole through which air can enter to break the siphonic action where a reduced flush is required drip feed supply automatic water flow cut-off device siphon tube upper well Automatic water flow cut-off control ‘U’ tube lower well flush pipe Flushing cistern From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 307 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Sanitation Waste pipe connections Running trap ‘S’ trap ‘P’ trap integral overflow unslotted waste fitting for use with appliances having no integral overflow (e.g. urinal) combination waste and overflow fitting Plumbers Mait or similar flexible jointing material Slotted waste fitting washer Running trap direction of flow backnut depth of seal ‘S’ trap ‘P’ trap Selection of traps and valve to prevent gases and smells entering the property synthetic seal (opens as water flows through valve) dip tube dip partition Waste pipe valve Bottle traps Waste pipe connections From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 309 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Sanitation Sanitary pipework main ventilating stack Branch ventilating stack WC basin bath stack size distance ‘X’ 75 mm 90 mm 100 mm 110 mm 150 mm 250 mm Rodding access Fitting arrangement for branch connection to overcome cross-flow problems Branch discharge stack sink Ventilated discharge branch system main discharge stack house drain ‘X’ Secondary ventilated stack system small branch connection WC connection Branch connections to avoid crossflow 200 mm Primary ventilated stack system Sanitary pipework Do not connect within the shaded area 450 mm min lowest connection From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 311 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Sanitation Primary ventilated stack system basin 32 mm dia bidet 32 mm dia shower 40 mm dia bath 40 mm dia 50 mm parallel junction to avoid crossflow WC 75–100 mm dia sink 40 mm dia washing machine and dish washer 40 mm dia long radius bend 450 mm min modified system required where design criteria exceeded WCs, max 8 fitted Typical primary ventilated stack system 50 mm dia wash basins maximum 4 fitted without additional branch ventilating pipe Range of appliances (only to be used where discharge stack is large enough to limit pressure fluctuations) Primary ventilated stack system From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 313 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Ventilation of sanitary pipework Sanitation domical cage insulation window opening 0.9 m rubber washer Air admittance valve negative pressure negative pressure within 3.0 m valve open air admittance valves valve closed 5–10 dwellings conventional vent at head of drainage run Termination of an open ventilating pipe so as not to cause a nuisance suitable locations for an air admittance valve house drain private sewer WC public sewer rodding access sink conventional venting at mid point and head of drainage run where more than 10 dwellings waste pipe connections 2 m max WC 1.5 m max Air admittance valve 100 mm discharge stack invert level Stub stack conventional open vent pipe air admittance valves 6.0 m maximum to ventilated drain Ventilation of sanitary pipework From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 315 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Sanitation Compression (back pressure) Wavering out Induced siphonage discharging water wind Air compressed roof slope negative pressure atmospheric pressure hydraulic jump atmospheric pressure air being sucked from pipe negative pressure Compression (back pressure) hydraulic jump Wavering out plug of water Induced siphonage valve lifts should there be a negative pressure within the pipe normal trap seal trap being siphoned remaining trap Resealing traps Trap seal loss Resealing trap From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 317 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Sanitation Mechanical disposal units WC macerator WC macerator unit sink plug tubular trap electrical supply via unswitched connection reset button grinding blades waste pipe discharge stack additional WC 19 mm i.d. pipe appropriate soil stack boss pipe laid to gradient (6 mm/min) pulled bends should be used and not elbows basement installation conventional WC suit WC macerator unit WC suite WC macerator drain-off cock fitted at base of vertical rise unswitched electrical connection WC macerator 19 mm discharge pipe 300 mm max any vertical rise must precede a horizontal run Mechanical disposal units From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 319 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Sanitation Testing of sanitary pipework water covering test plugs to maintain good seal manometer 38 mm water head pressure drain plug hand pump plug cock traps filled with water testing bag access cover hand pump stick painted matt black Inspecting the depth of trap seal during a performance test Testing of sanitary pipework From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 323 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Sanitation Maintenance and periodic inspection sani-snake overflow blocked with rag etc., to maintain good air seal force cup plunger manually operated Snakentainer gully grab closed open plunging sink to remove a blockage electrically operated Snakentainer 150 mm rubber plunger plunging a WC pan drain rods blockage silt from gully trap Maintenance and periodic inspection From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 325 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com