Enzymes Catalyst Activation Energy Substrates Enzyme Activity Cofactors and Coenzymes Enzyme Inhibition Allosteric Activation and Inhibition Feedback Inhibition Effect of pH and Temperature Application of Enzymes

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Enzymes are protein catalysts Without enzymes we couldn’t survive There are about 4000 types of enzymes in a cell

Digestive Enzymes

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Activation Energy Enzymes bind a specific reactant (or reactants), called a substrate; in doing so, they lower the energy barrier (activation energy) ___________

What does a catalyst do? Allow reactions to proceed at a faster rate by reducing the activation energy barrier - usually by ensuring that reactant molecules hit in the right orientation to break bonds. ___________

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Enzyme Activity Substrate binds to the active site where its functional group interacts …………………….. Causes the protein to change shape - ___________ This creates an ___________

Reactions will occur while the substrate is attached. These chemical changes cause the enzyme to lose its affinity for the new product (the shape is now different) ___________

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Enzyme Inhibition Inhibitors are molecules that bind to an enzyme and decrease its activity. …………………….. 1) Competitive Inhibition: ___________

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Allosteric regulation Controls the activity of the enzyme to coordinate with cellular activity. Some enzymes possess receptor sites called allosteric sites ___________

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Allosteric Inhibition ___________

Feedback Inhibition Method used by cells to control metabolic pathways involving chain reactions A product formed later in the sequence allosterically inhibits an enzyme that occurs earlier in the reaction Decreasing the rate of reaction ___________

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As the concentration of the inhibitor decreases more enzymes will have open active sites - this will allow the reaction to take place. As more ……………………..

pH and Temperature on Enzyme Activity Picture has been removed

Application of Enzymes Lactose intolerance: ___________ The Lactase enzyme catalyzes the breakdown of lactose into glucose and galactose. People with lactose intolerance do not produce enough lactase, and therefore ……………………..

The lactose is then consumed by bacteria living in the gut, which leads to symptoms including nausea, cramps, and abdominal bloating. This can be fixed by consuming commercial lactase enzymes before eating dairy products that contain lactose.

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