Class VII: Pronouns Dr. Esa Autero LAN 404 Beginning Hebrew I *Photo from https://www.flickr.com/photos/58558794@N07/7628799526/in/photostream/ Class VII: Pronouns Dr. Esa Autero

Pronouns 1.1 Introduction A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun Antecedent is the word(s) which the noun refers back to Moses was 120 years old when he died Moses = antecedent – “he” is the pronoun that refers back to “Moses” Different types of pronouns Personal, demonstrative, relative, and interrogative pronouns Personal: I, you, he, she, we … Demonstrative: this, that, these, those … Relative: whose, that, which, who … Interrogative: What? Who? How? …  Hebrew pronouns function in a similar way as English pronouns *Photo: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kjfnjy/5248545727/in/photostream/

Person and Number – in English Pronouns 2.1 Independent personal pronouns “Independent” – stand alone, not attached to any other word 1st, 2nd, 3rd person singular (Sg.) or plural (Pl.) Person and Number – in English Sg. 1 I Sg. 2 You Sg. 3 He/she/it Pl. 1 We Pl. 2 Pl. 3 They *

Pronouns אֲנִי, אָנֹכִי אֲנַ֫חְנוּ אַתָּה אַתֶּם אַתְּ Independent personal pronoun paradigm Paradigm in Hebrew Singular Plural 1 com. אֲנִי, אָנֹכִי I אֲנַ֫חְנוּ We 2 masc. אַתָּה You אַתֶּם 2 fem. אַתְּ אַתֵּ֫נָה, אַתֶּן 3. masc. הוּא He/it הֵם, הֶ֫מָּה They 3. fem. הִיא, הִוא She/it הֵן, הֵנָּה *

Pronouns אֲנִי יְהוָה הוּא נָבִיא צַדִּיק אַתָּה מֶ֫לֶךְ טֹוב Use of the independent personal pronoun – memorize words Independent pronouns in a noun sentence (predicative relationship) Personal pronoun may precede or follow the noun or adjective אֲנִי יְהוָה I am the LORD הוּא נָבִיא צַדִּיק He is a righteous prophet אַתָּה מֶ֫לֶךְ טֹוב You (sg.2.masc.) are a good king אַחִים אֲנַ֫חְנוּ We are brothers הִיא אִשָּׁה חֲכָמָה She is a wise woman אַתֶּם בָּעִיר הַגְּדוֹלָה You (pl.2masc.) are in the great city *

Pronouns A man  the man  that man 2.2 Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives English demonstrative pronouns “this”, “these”, “that”, and “those” – used as an adjective or pronoun Adjectival usage: this man, that woman, these socks Pronominal usage: that is the man, these are the socks  Increases the word’s specificity beyond the definite article  Hebrew demonstratives function like English equivalents * A man  the man  that man

Commom plural; modifies masculine or feminine nouns Pronouns Commom plural; modifies masculine or feminine nouns Demonstrative paradigm NOTE: sg. 3 masc. and fem. demonstratives identical to personal pronouns Singular Plural Masculine זֶה This אֵ֫לֶּה These Feminine זֹאת הוּא That הֵם, הֵ֫מָּה Those הִיא הֵן, הֵ֫נָּה * זֶה הַלָּזֶה, הַלָּז זֹאת הַלֵּ֫זוּ, זוֹ, זֹה אֵ֫לֶּה אֵל Variant forms

Personal pronoun or demonstrative pronoun? Pronouns Some ambiguities – sg. 3 or demonstrative? Personal pronoun or demonstrative pronoun? הוּא הָאִישׁ He is the man (personal pronoun) That is the man (demonstrative) הִיא הָאִשָּׁה She is the woman (personal pronoun) That is the woman (demonstrative) OR OR *

Demonstrative follows the noun & agrees w/ it Pronouns The use of demonstrative pronouns Demonstratives used as adjectives or pronouns 1) Demonstrative Adjectives – follows noun: agrees w/ gender, number, definit. הָאִישׁ הַזֶּה This man הָאִשָּׁה הַזֹּאת This woman הָאִישׁ הַהוּא That man הָאִשָּׁה הַהִיא That woman הָאֲנָשִׁים הָאֵ֫לֶּה These men הַנָּהִים הָאֶ֫לֶּה These women הָאֲנָשִׁים הָהֵם Those men הַנָּשִׁים הָהֵ֫נָּה Those women Demonstrative follows the noun & agrees w/ it *

Attributive adjective Pronouns Demonstrative pronoun and adjective – examples הָאִישׁ הַטּוֹב הַזֶּה This good man הָאִשָּׁה הַטּוֹבָה הַזֹּאת This good woman הָאִישׁ הַטּוֹב הַהוּא That good man הָאִשָּׁה הַטּוֹבָה הַהִיא That good woman הָאֲנָשִׁים הַטּוֹבִים הָאֵ֫לֶּה These good men הַנָּשִׁים הַטּוֹבוֹת הָאֵ֫לֶּה These good women הָאֲנָשִׁים הַטּוֹבִים הָהֵ֫ם Those good men הַנָּשִׁים הַטּוֹבוֹת הָהֵ֫נָּה Those good women Attributive adjective is placed b/w noun & demonstrative adj. It agrees in gender, number & definiteness *

Pronouns זֶה הָאִישׁ זֹאת הָאִשָּׁה הוּא הָאִישׁ הִיא הָאִשָּׁה 2) Demonstrative pronouns When demonstrative functions as a pronoun, it precedes the noun Agrees in gender and number (masc./fem. & sg./pl.) – not in definiteness זֶה הָאִישׁ This is the man זֹאת הָאִשָּׁה This is the woman הוּא הָאִישׁ That is the man הִיא הָאִשָּׁה That is the woman אֵ֫לֶּה הָאֲנָשִׁים These are the men אֵ֫לֶּה הַנָּהִים These are the women הֵם הָאֲנָשִׁים Those are the men הֵ֫נָּה הָנָּשִׁים Those are the women *

אֲשֶׁר כַּאֲשֶׁר Pronouns  Does not change form or inflect 2.3 Relative pronoun English “who”, “whom”, “whose”, “that”, “which” Introduces a relative clause (relative pronoun + clause) Blessed in the person who studies Hebrew  “who studies Hebrew” = relative clause that modifies the noun “person” Hebrew relative pronoun:  Does not change form or inflect אֲשֶׁר כַּאֲשֶׁר That, which * When, as Who, whom

Pronouns הָעֵצ אֲשֶׁר בְּתוֹךְ־הַגַּן May appear w/ or without Maqqef Follows immediately the noun it modifies הָעֵצ אֲשֶׁר בְּתוֹךְ־הַגַּן The tree that (is) in the middle of the garden הֶהָרִים אֲשֶׁר־תַּ֫חַת הַשָּׁמַ֫יִם The mountains that (are) under the heavens הַמֶּלֶךְ אֲשֶׁר בְּחַרְתֶּם The king whom you chose דָּוִד אֲשֶׁר בְּבֵית יְהוָה David, who (is) in the house of the LORD *

מִי מָה [מֶה, מַה] Pronouns Who, whom? What? 2.4 The interrogative pronouns – for asking questions May appear w/ or without Maqqef Form does not change Vowel changes only in מָה מִי Who, whom? מָה [מֶה, מַה] What? *

מִי הָאֲנָשִׁים הָאֵ֫לֶּה Pronouns Interrogative pronoun – examples מַה־שְּׁמוֹ what (is) his name? מֶה־עָשִׂ֫יתָ What have you done? מָה הַחֲלוֹם הַזֶּה What (is) this dream? מִי אַתָּה Who (are) you? מִי־הָאִישׁ הַזֶּה Who (is) this man? מִי הָאֲנָשִׁים הָאֵ֫לֶּה Who (are) these men? *

Pronouns שָׁלַח הַמֶ֫לֶךְ אֶת־הַנָּבִיא Interrogative particle הֲ Alternative to interrogative pronoun – הֲ Prefixed to a word (Hebrew does not have questions marks etc.) The spelling of the הֲ changes in the following manner: Prefixed to most consonants – הֲ Prefixed to gutturals or any consonant with silent Shewa – הַ Prefixed to guttural followed by Qamets – הֶ שָׁלַח הַמֶ֫לֶךְ אֶת־הַנָּבִיא The king sent the prophet הֲשָׁלַח הַמֶ֫לֶךְ אֶת־הַנָּבִיא Did the king send the prophet? *

Pronouns It is possible to confuse interrogative particle w/ definite article To avoid confusion remember the following: Interrogative particle does not normally have Daghesh Forte Interrogative often prefixed to a verb or another particle The Hateph Pathach (הֲ) of the interrogative particle not found in definite article *

Pronouns Practice Homework Workbook p. 35, no: 1-5 Workbook p. 37-38, no:1-10 “Bible Translation” Practice letters and reading (out loud) – e.g. words on vocabulary & workbook Vocabulary quiz (Ch. 8) on words pp. 77-78 (8.12) + personal & demonstrative pronouns (p. 76-77) *Photo: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kjfnjy/5248545727/in/photostream/