Quaestio: How did the Muslim world become divided and what were the consequences? Nunc Agenda: Work with your partner at a low volume to complete the short DBQ on Women in the Muslim World

Umayyad Successes (661-750) Conquered lands from Spain in the West to the Indus River and the borders of China in the East Persian and Byzantine weakness combined with Arab unity based on shared faith secured victory More religiously tolerant than previous rulers, conquest often welcomed by locals Moved capital from Medina to Damascus, Syria to be closer to center of new empire Established organized central government systems such as treasury, running water, coinage

Umayyad Mistakes Rulers abandoned simple “sunnah” way of life of first four caliphs, began living in palaces Son succeeded father rather than choosing most qualified Arabs given a higher status than non-Arab converts to Islam, against Islamic teaching Remaining anger among Shia over the death of Ali and his son Husayn

Rise of the Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258) Abu al-Abbas, descendant of Muhammad’s uncle, gained support from converts, Shias, and others unhappy with Umayyad rule and overthrew the government, establishing the Abbasid Caliphate Moved capital from Damascus to Baghdad, became center of Islamic Civilization Ended discrimination against non-Arabs, learned how to build a bureaucracy from Persian Muslims Economic stability led to a Golden Age of advances in science, math, medicine, architecture, and philosophy that blended Persian, Greek, and Indian knowledge

Spain Remains Umayyad (756-1031) Abbasids killed the Umayyad ruling family, but one prince, Abdul Rahman I, escaped and fled to Spain, where he created a separate Umayyad Caliphate with a capital at Cordoba Spain (aka Al-Andalus) also became a center of cultural achievement and is known for the peaceful relationship between Muslims, Christians, and Jews known as the Convivencia (“Coexistence”)

Fatimid Caliphate Conquers Egypt (909-1171) Fatimids = Shia dynasty claiming descent from Fatima, the daughter or Muhammad and wife of Ali Originated in western North Africa but conquered Egypt from Abbasids Established the Fatimid Caliphate with a capital at Cairo, Egypt

Seljuk Turks Dominate the Caliphate Abbasid central authority began to weaken and local and regional rulers increased their own power Seljuk Turks = Group of Turks, pastoral nomads of the Central Asian steppe, who migrated into the Abbasid Caliphate, converted to Islam, and were commonly used as mercenaries for the military 1058, Fatimids tried to conquer Baghdad, Abbasid Caliph called on Seljuks for help Seljuks defeated the Fatimids, but claimed power for themselves over the Abbasid Caliphate Caliph was kept as a symbolic position, but real power in hands of the Sultan (Arabic for “ruler”) of the Seljuks

Caliphate: Divide and Conquer Working as a group of four, label the blank map to show the three competing Caliphates (Abbasid, Fatimid, and Umayyad Spain) You must also find a way to show the Abbasid Caliphate at its height around 800 and the Umayyad Caliphate at its height around 700 (see map on page 315 in the textbook for borders) Label these cities: Mecca, Medina, Damascus, Jerusalem, Baghdad, Cairo, Cordoba, Constantinople (use page 315) Find a way to show the invasion of the Seljuk Turks from their homeland into Abbasid territory Use your notes to create a timeline of key events on the map