Topic No (1): Methods of reducing waste. Individual consumers can substantially reduce solid waste by following these basic principles: Reduce the amount : Reduce the amount of unnecessary packaging. Adopt practices that reduce waste toxicity. Reuse containers and products: Consider reusable products. Maintain and repair durable products. Reuse bags, containers, and other items. Borrow, rent, or share items used infrequently. Sell or donate goods instead of throwing them out.

Recycle - use recycled materials, and compost. Choose recyclable products and containers and recycle them. Select products made from recycled materials. Compost yard trimmings and some food scraps.

Reduction , control of generation and minimization methods for reduction and control of waste generation and minimization at source are: Segregation of Wastes. Improve Housekeeping. Product Modification and Redesign Packaging. Product Design and Reformulation.

5) Product Substitution. 6) Changing Input Material (Raw Material Modification). 7) Changing Process Technology. 8) Equipment Modification. 9) On-Site Recycle/Reuse.

Topic No (2): Integrated waste management. the solid waste management solutions an accepted hierarchy, or order of solution approaches are: Source reduction. In-process recycling. On-site recycling. Off-site recycling. Waste treatment to render the waste less hazardous. Secure disposal. Direct release to the environment.

Topic No (3): Roads conservation. The simplest conventional form of street cleansing is the road sweeper with a street orderly barrow. It is true to say that there has been a shift away from the manual emphasis of street cleansing towards mechanical systems in the last decade.

Pedestrian-controlled electric vehicles. Mechanical/suction sweeping machines.

Quiz Quiz (1): …………. method includes changing or modifying the raw material before it enters process production. Product Modification . Product Design and Reformulation: Product Substitution. Changing Input Material. Changing Process Technology.

Quiz (2): Which method from the following includes reformulation and modification of old products into products that generate less waste? Product Modification . Product Design and Reformulation: Product Substitution. Changing Input Material. Changing Process Technology.

Quiz (3): Which method from the following includes the replacement of products with less-polluting ones? Product Modification . Product Design and Reformulation: Product Substitution. Changing Input Material. Changing Process Technology.

Quiz (4): Which method from the following is the most preferred method and completely eliminates the problem of waste management? Source reduction. In-process recycling. On-site recycling. Off-site recycling. Direct release to the environment.

Quiz (5): Which method from the following used for reduction and control of waste generation and minimization at source are? Segregation of wastes. Improve housekeeping. Product modification and redesign packaging. Product design and reformulation. All the above.