The Nature of Human Relations What motivates employees to perform on the job is the focus of human relations, The study of the behavior of individuals and groups in organizational settings Motivation The inner drive that directs a person’s behavior toward goals Morale An employee’s attitude toward his or her job, employer, and colleagues

The Motivation Process Did You Know? Absenteeism costs a typical large company more than $3 million a year

Employee Attitudes Toward Incentives

Historical Perspectives on Employee Motivation Classical Theory of Motivation Money is the sole motivator for workers. The Hawthorne Studies Productivity increased regardless of the physical conditions in the workplace—such as light and noise levels.

Companies Giving Employees Incentives to Improve Productivity Source: Optimize Magazine Productivity 2004 study, in Marianne Kolbasuk McGee, “Behind the Numbers: Employee Productivity Pays Off for Everyone,” Information Week, February 9, 2004, p. 76.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self- Actualization Needs Esteem Needs Social Needs Security Needs Physiological Needs Source: adapted from Abraham H. Maslow, “A Theory of Human Motivation,” Psychology Review 50 (1943): 370-396.

Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory Hygiene Factors Company policies Supervision Working conditions Salary Security Motivational Factors Achievement Recognition The work itself Responsibility Advancement

McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y Management view that assumes workers generally dislike work and must be forced to do their jobs Theory Y Management view that assumes workers like to work and under proper conditions, employees will seek responsibility to satisfy social, esteem, and self-actualization needs

Theory Z A management philosophy that stresses employee participation in all aspects of company decision making

Comparison of American, Japanese, and Theory Z Management Styles

Variations on Theory Z Quality circles Participative management Employee involvement Self-directed work teams Did You Know? Theory Z lets employees feel organizational ownership, which may produce positive attitudinal and behavioral effects for employees.

Other Motivational Theories Equity theory Expectancy theory

Strategies for Motivating Employees Behavior modification Job design

Behavior Modification Changing behavior and encouraging appropriate actions by relating the consequences to the behavior itself Reward Punishment

Job Design Strategies Job Rotation Job Enlargement Job Enrichment Exposes employees to a variety of tasks as they move from one job to another Job Enlargement Teaches employees new tasks in their present job Job Enrichment Gives employees more control and authority in their present job, along with additional tasks

Flexible Scheduling Strategies Flextime Compressed work week Job sharing Telecommuting Did You Know? 59% of companies with more than 5000 workers allow job-sharing. Source: Jim Owen, “In Pursuit of Job Sharing,” from http://usatoday.com/careers/features/feat009.htm (accessed June 8, 2001).

Flextime, Showing Core and Flexible Hours

The Importance of Motivational Strategies Fosters employee loyalty Boosts productivity Affects all relationships within the organization Influences promotion, pay, job design, training, and reporting relationships

Employee’s Definitions of Success Being trusted to get a job done Having power to make decisions Getting raises Getting promotions Gaining seniority Having the power to make decisions that affect the company 91% 81% 74% 66% 58% Source: Survey of 2,000 adults by Randstad North America, Atlanta as reported ;in Kemba J. Dunham, “The Jungle/Focus on Recruitment, Pay and Getting Ahead,” Wall Street Journal, May 23, 2001, p. B12.

Solve the Dilemma Which motivational theories are in use at Eagle? What is the value of getting employees to compete against a goal instead of against one another? Put yourself in the shoes of one of the four regional sales managers and argue against potential cutbacks to the motivational program.

Explore Your Career Options What are some of the considerations that you will evaluate in deciding where to take your first job? How would you go about assessing offers in Jackson, Mississippi versus Chicago, Illinois?

Additional Discussion Questions and Exercises What is meant by the equity theory? How can the equity theory guide managers in dealing with subordinates? In what areas are the typical American management style and the typical Japanese style different? What is the main purpose of offering flexible scheduling strategies for employees? What was the importance of Frederick W. Taylor’s and Elton Mayo’s studies to human relations?

Chapter 10 Quiz Which of the following employee-motivation theories is most similar to Japanese management styles? a. Theory X b. Theory Y c. Theory Z d. Frederick Taylor’s theory Which of the following is most likely to result in less than 40 hours of employment? a. compressed workweek b. telecommuting c. flextime d. job sharing

Chapter 10 Quiz Which of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is first to be satisfied? physiological needs security needs esteem needs self-actualization needs The inner drive that directs behavior toward goals is known as motivation. need. objective. morale.

Multiple Choice Questions about the Video According to the survey by Salary.com the average worker slacks off about _____ hours per day. 0.5 1 1.5 2 Which of the following is NOT a reason given for slacking off? To compensate for not being paid enough Surfing for personal reasons Running errands Stress