States of Matter Chapter 2

Section 1: Three States of Matter What are states of matter? The States of matter are the physical forms in which a substance can exist Solid Liquid Gas

Section 1: Three States of Matter Particles of matter Matter is made of small particles called atoms and molecules Always on the move How they interact with each other determines their state of matter

Section 1: Three States of Matter What is a solid? A solid is the state of matter that has a definite shape and volume Particles smooshed together Can only vibrate—stuck in place

Section 1: Three States of Matter Types of solids Crystalline solids have a orderly, 3D arrangement in a repeating pattern Ice, diamond, iron Amorphous solids have no special arrangement Glass, rubber, wax

Section 1: Three States of Matter What is a liquid? A liquid is the state of matter than has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container Little space in between particles Can slide past another

Section 1: Three States of Matter Liquid characteristics Surface tension is a force that acts on the particles at the surface of a liquid Viscosity is a liquid’s resistance to flow

Section 1: Three States of Matter What is a gas? A gas is the state of matter that has no definite shape or volume Molecules move super fast Not really held together at all

Section 1: Three States of Matter State of Matter Definite Shape? Definite Volume? Solid Liquid Gas

Section 1: Three States of Matter Section Review Please answer the objectives on your objective summary sheet Describe the properties shared by particles of all matter Describe three states of matter Explain the differences between the states of matter

Section 2: Behavior of Gases Objectives: Describe the three factors that affect how gases behave List the variables involved in Boyle’s law and Charles’s law Predict how a change in pressure or temperature will affect the volume of a gas

Section 2: Behavior of Gases What factors affect how gases behave? Temperature Volume Pressure

Section 2: Behavior of Gases Temperature Temperature is a measure of how fast the particles in an object are moving The faster the particles move, the more energy they have Increase temperature….increase pressure Increase temperatures…increase volume

Section 2: Behavior of Gases Volume Volume is the amount of space that an object takes up Volume of a gas depends on its container Decrease volume…increase pressure…pop! Increase volume…decrease pressure

Section 2: Behavior of Gases Pressure Pressure is the amount of force exerted on a given area of surface The more particles…the more pressure

Section 2: Behavior of Gases

Section 2: Behavior of Gases Gas behavior laws Boyle’s Law Involves volume and pressure Charles’s Law Involves temperature and volume Guy-Lussac’s Law Involves temperature and pressure

Section 2: Behavior of Gases Boyle’s Law

Section 2: Behavior of Gases Boyle’s Law

Section 2: Behavior of Gases What is Boyle’s Law? Boyle’s Law states that a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely related to the pressure Inversely = opposite So… As pressure increases, volume decreases As pressure decreases, volume increases

Section 2: Behavior of Gases Charles’s Law

Section 2: Behavior of Gases Charles’s Law

Section 2: Behavior of Gases What is Charles’s Law? Charles’s Law states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, the volume of gas changes in the same way that the temperature changes So… As temperature increases, volume increases As temperature decreases, volume decreases

Section 2: Behavior of Gases Guy Lussac’s Law

Section 2: Behavior of Gases Guy Lussac’s Law Volume constant

Section 2: Behavior of Gases What is Guy Lussac’s Law? Guy Lussac’s Law states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant volume, the pressure of gas changes in the same way that the temperature changes So… As temperature increases, pressure increases As temperature decreases, pressure decreases

Section 2: Behavior of Gases Section Review Please answer the objectives on your objective summary sheet Describe the three factors that affect how gases behave List the variables involved in Boyle’s law and Charles’s law Predict how a change in pressure or temperature will affect the volume of a gas

Section 3: Changes of State Objectives Describe how energy is involved in changes of state Identify phase changes as endothermic or exothermic Describe what happens during melting and freezing Compare evaporation and condensation Explain what happens during sublimation and deposition Identify the two changes that can happen when a substances loses or gains energy Interpret a phase change(heating curve) diagram

Section 3: Changes of State A change of state is the change of a substance from one physical form to another

Section 3: Changes of State The six changes of state Melting (SL) Freezing (LS) Evaporation (LG) Condensation (GL) Sublimation (SG) Deposition (GS)

Section 3: Changes of State We can either add or remove energy to get changes of state If we add, we call it endothermic If we remove, we call it exothermic

Section 3: Changes of State Melting is the change of state from a solid to a liquid Adding energy to a solid increases its energy Particles move faster, move away from each other The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid Item Melting temperature (C) State of matter at room temperature (25C) Water 0 C Table salt 801 C Nitrogen -210 C…-159C boiling

Section 3: Changes of State Freezing is the change of state from a liquid to a solid We remove energy—molecules slow down The freezing point is the temperature at which this happens

Section 3: Changes of State Evaporation is the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas We add energy—molecules speed up Does not have to have bubbles Can occur just at the surface Boiling is the change of a liquid to a gas (vapor) throughout the whole liquid

Section 3: Changes of State Condensation is the change of state from a gas to a liquid We remove energy—molecules slow down Condensation point is the temperature at which a gas becomes a liquid Same as boiling point

Section 3: Changes of State Sublimation is the change of state from which a solid changes directly into a gas We add a LOT of energy—molecules speed up a lot Dry ice

Section 3: Changes of State Change of temperature versus change of state When energy is added… Either the temperature changes OR the state changes Not both!

Section 3: Changes of State

Section 3: Changes of State When you add heat to a solid… …the temperature increases until the melting point You still add heat… …the temperature stays while the solid melts You now add heat to a liquid… …the temperature increases until the boiling point …the temperature stays while the liquid boils You now add heat to a gas… …the temperature will just keep increasing!

Section 3: Changes of State

Section 3: Changes of State

Section 3: Changes of State State change Starting state Ending state Energy added or removed Endothermic or exothermic Melting Freezing Evaporation Condensation Sublimation Deposition

Section 3: Changes of State Section Review Please answer the objectives on your objective summary sheet Describe how energy is involved in changes of state Identify phase changes as endothermic or exothermic Describe what happens during melting and freezing Compare evaporation and condensation Explain what happens during sublimation and deposition Identify the two changes that can happen when a substances loses or gains energy Interpret a phase change(heating curve) diagram