1. Introduction to Matter Chapters 1 & 2
1.1, 1.2 & 1.3
2.1, 2.2 & 2.3

2. Chapter 1
Section 1 What Is Matter?
Matter
What Is Matter? Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
Matter in the Universe Everything in the universe that you can see is made up of some type of matter.

3. Chapter 1
Section 1 What Is Matter?
Volume
Liquid Volume Liters (L) and milliliters (mL) are the units used most often to express the volume of liquids.
Measuring the Volume of Liquids: Liquid is measured using a graduated cylinder. The measurement is taken from the bottom of the meniscus.
Meniscus is the curve at the top of liquid in a graduated cylinder.
Graduated Cylinder

4. Volume = length  width  height
Chapter 1
Section 1 What Is Matter?
Determining Volume
Volume of a Regularly Shaped Solid Object To find the volume of a regularly shaped solid object use the following equation:
Volume = length  width  height
Volume of an Irregularly Shaped Solid Object You can find the volume of an irregularly shaped object by measuring the volume of water that the object displaces. Unit of measurement is cubic centimeters (cm3)
What’s the difference?
Volume before object was dropped in
Volume after object was dropped in

5. Chapter 1
Section 1 What Is Matter?
Mass v. Weight
The Difference Between Mass and Weight Weight is the measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object.
Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
The more mass an object has, the greater the gravitational force on the object and the greater the object’s weight.
Measuring Mass and Weight The SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg). Weight is a measure of gravitational force and is expressed in the SI unit of force, the newton (N).
On Earth, 100g equals 1N.

6. Chapter 1
Section 1 What Is Matter?
Inertia
What Is Inertia? Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist a change in motion.
Mass: The Measure of Inertia An object that has a large mass is harder to move and harder to stop than an object that has less mass. The reason is that the object with the large mass has greater inertia.
Which cart has more inertia?

7. Physical Properties Chapter 1
Section 2 Physical Properties
Physical Properties
What Are Physical Properties? A physical property of matter can be observed or measured without changing the matter’s identity.
Thermal Conductivity – conducts heat
State – solid, liquid or gas
Density – mass in a given volume
Solubility – ability to dissolve
Ductility – ability to be drawn into a wire
Malleability – ability to be pounded into a flat sheet

9. Physical Properties - Density
Chapter 1
Section 2 Physical Properties
Physical Properties - Density
Identifying Matter You use physical properties to identify matter.
Density Density is the amount of matter in a given space, or volume. The two balls below have different densities.
Ping Pong ball has lower density because it has less mass in about the same size.
Golf ball had a higher density because it has more mass for about the same size.

10. Physical Properties - Density
Section 2 Physical Properties
Chapter 1
Physical Properties - Density
Liquid Layers The graduated cylinder below contains six liquids. Each liquid is a different density so the liquids form layers.
Density of Solids Knowing the density of a substance can also tell you what kind of substance it is.
Least Dense
Most Dense

11. Physical Properties - Density
Chapter 1
Section 2 Physical Properties
Physical Properties - Density
Solving for Density To find an objects density (D), first measure its mass (m) and volume (V). Then use the following equation:
D = m/V
An object has a mass of 15g and a volume of 4mL. The density would be 15g/4mL=3.75g/mL
The density of water is 1 g/mL

12. Physical Properties – Density Tables
Chapter 1
Section 2 Physical Properties
Physical Properties – Density Tables
Using Density to Identify Substances Look at the table below to compare densities of several common substances.
If you were given a density, could you figure out the substance?

13. Physical Changes - Do Not Form New Substances
Chapter 1
Section 2 Physical Properties
Physical Changes - Do Not Form New Substances
Physical changes do not change the identity of the matter involved.
Changes in shape are always physical changes.
Changes of state are always physical changes

14. Chemical Changes and New Substances
Chapter 1
Section 3 Chemical Properties
Chemical Changes and New Substances
What Happens During a Chemical Change? During a chemical change a substance changes chemical properties.
Signs of Chemical Changes Some common signs of chemical changes include a change in:
color
odor
production of heat
fizzing
Matter and Chemical Changes Chemical changes change the identity of the matter involved.

15. Change in odor
Fizzing
Production of heat
Change in color
Reactivity with any substance is always a chemical change.

16. Physical v. Chemical Changes
Chapter 1
Section 3 Chemical Properties
Physical v. Chemical Changes
A Change in Composition Physical changes do not change the composition of a substance while chemical changes do.
Reversing Changes Many physical changes are easily reversed, but most chemical changes cannot easily be reversed.
Chemical change – reactivity with oxygen
Physical change – change in shape

17. Chapter 2 Particles of Matter
Section 1 Three States of Matter
Particles of Matter
The states of matter are the physical forms in which a substance can exist. The three most familiar states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas.
Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms and molecules. These particles are always in motion and are always bumping into one another.
Solid - books
Gas - air
Liquid - water

18. Chapter 2 Particles of Matter
Section 1 Three States of Matter
Particles of Matter
The way the particles interact with each other helps determine the state of the matter.
Solids – particles vibrate against each other but particles stay in one place.
Liquids – particles move more and slide part each other
Gas – particles are free to move wherever they want and can expand to the size of the container.

19. Chapter 2
Section 1 Three States of Matter
Solids
A solid is the state of matter that has a definite shape and volume.
The particles in a solid do not move fast enough to overcome the attraction between them.
Each particle vibrates in place and is locked in place by the particles around it.

20. Chapter 2
Section 1 Three States Matter of
Liquids
Liquid is the state of matter that has a definite volume and but takes the shape of its container.
The particles of a liquid move fast enough to overcome some of the attraction between them.
The particles in a liquid slide past each other.

21. Chapter 2
Section 1 Three States of Matter
Liquids
Liquids Have Unique Characteristics Two special properties of liquids are surface tension and viscosity.
Surface tension is a force that acts on the particles at the surface of a liquid.
Viscosity is a liquid’s resistance to flow.
The paperclip is being held at the top of the water due to surface tension
The syrup is harder to pour than water so it has higher viscosity.

22. Chapter 2
Section 1 Three States of Matter
Gases
Gas is the state of matter that has no definite shape or volume.
The particles of a gas move quickly and can break away completely from one another.
The amount of empty space between gas particles can change.
Gases make these lights colorful.

23. Describing Gas Behavior
Chapter 2
Section 2 Behavior of Gases
Describing Gas Behavior
Temperature Temperature is a measure of how fast the particles in an object are moving.The faster the particles are moving, the more energy they have.
Volume Volume is the amount of space that an object takes up. Because gas particles spread out, the volume of any gas depends on the container that the gas is in.
Pressure The amount of force exerted on a given area of surface is called pressure. You can think of pressure as the number of times the particles of a gas hit the inside of their container.

24. Gas Behavior Laws – relationship between temp., volume and pressure.
Chapter 2
Section 2 Behavior of Gases
Gas Behavior Laws – relationship between temp., volume and pressure.
Boyle’s Law Boyle’s law states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the volume of the gas is inversely related to pressure.
Constant Temperature
Volume
Pressure

25. Gas Behavior Laws – relationship between temp., volume and pressure.
Chapter 2
Section 2 Behavior of Gases
Gas Behavior Laws – relationship between temp., volume and pressure.
Charles Law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature of a gas when pressure is constant.
Pressure stays constant
Temperature
Volume

26. As volume goes down, pressure goes up
As volume goes down, pressure goes up. OR as volume goes up, pressure goes down!
As temperature goes up, volume goes up!

27. Energy and Changes of State
Chapter 2
Section 3 Changes of State
Energy and Changes of State
A change of state is the change of a substance from one physical form to another.
The particles of a substance move differently and have different amounts of energy depending on the state of the substance.
Gases have more energy that liquids, and liquids have more energy than solids.

28. Melting: Solid to Liquid
Chapter 2
Section 3 Changes of State
Melting: Solid to Liquid
Melting is the change of state from a solid to a liquid. The temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid is its melting point.
Adding Energy For a solid to melt, particles must overcome their attractions to each other. When a solid is at its melting point, any energy added is used to overcome attractions between particles. Liquids have more energy that solids, so a solid must GAIN energy to turn into a liquid.
When a substance gains energy it is ENDOTHERMIC.

29. Freezing: Liquid to Solid
Chapter 2
Section 3 Changes of State
Freezing: Liquid to Solid
Freezing is the change of state from a liquid to a solid. The temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid is its freezing point.
Removing Energy When a liquid is at its freezing point, removing energy will cause the particles to begin locking into place. Solids have less energy than liquids, so a liquid must LOSE energy to become a solid.
When a substance looses energy it is EXOTHERMIC.

30. Evaporation: Liquid to Gas
Chapter 2
Section 3 Changes of State
Evaporation: Liquid to Gas
Evaporation is the change of state from a liquid to a gas. Evaporation can occur at the surface of a liquid that is below its boiling point. Gases have more energy than liquids so a liquid has to GAIN energy to turn into a gas. (ENDOTHERMIC)
Boiling is the change of a liquid to a gas throughout the liquid. The temperature at which a liquid boils is its boiling point.
What is the boiling point of 1 mL of water compared to 100 mL of water? The same!

31. Chapter 2
Section 3 Changes of State

32. Condensation: Gas to Liquid
Chapter 2
Section 3 Changes of State
Condensation: Gas to Liquid
Condensation is the change of state from a gas to a liquid. The condensation point of a substance is the temperature at which the gas becomes a liquid. Gases have more energy than liquids so a gas needs to LOSE energy to turn into a liquid. (EXOTHERMIC)
Energy must be removed for condensation to occur. Removing energy slows the movement of gas particles which allows them to clump together.

33. Sublimation: Solid to Gas
Chapter 2
Section 3 Changes of State
Sublimation: Solid to Gas
Sublimation is the change of state in which a solid changes directly into a gas. Dry Ice goes directly from a solid block of ice to a gas!
For sublimation to occur, the attractions between the particles must be completely overcome. So, the substance must gain energy during sublimation. A gas has more energy than a solid so a solid would need to GAIN energy to turn into a gas. (ENDOTHERMIC)

34. Change of Temperature Vs. Change of State
Chapter 2
Section 3 Changes of State
Change of Temperature Vs. Change of State
When most substances lose or gain energy, one of two things happens to the substance: its temperature changes or its state changes.
The temperature of a substance does not change until a change of state is complete.
Temperature and state NEVER change at the same time!
Either the temperature is changing!
OR the state is changing!

35. GAS
LIQUID
SOLID
While the ice is melting OR the water freezing the temperature stays the same.
While the water is evaporating OR the vapor condensing the temperature stays the same.

36. Pressure affects the phases of a substance.
This is the melting/freezing point. As pressure rises, melting point rises.
This is the evaporation/ condensation line. As pressure rises, the boiling point rises.
This is the sublimation point. As pressure rises, sublimation point rises.