Chapter 10: Patient Care: Dental

Dentists Early History Ancient Egypt Hesi-Re (died in 2600 BC): first dentist known to historians Ancient Romans Promoted oral hygiene Used tooth-cleaning powders & toothpicks Ancient India & Islamic countries Physicians or surgeons performed dentistry

Dentists (cont’d) The Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the 17th Century Medieval Europe Monks provided dental care Barbers were surgical assistants Catholic Church forbade monks to practice medical/dental care Barbers became dental care providers Barber-surgeons extracted teeth Renaissance: renewed study of human anatomy, including dental

Dentists (cont’d) Dentistry in the U.S. Colonial America: physicians provide dental care Tooth-drawers, surgeon-dentists, barbers, & blacksmiths extracted teeth Advertisements of services in newspapers (Paul Revere) 1840: first dental college established, in Baltimore 1859: American Dental Association formed By 1880: 28 dental schools established 1928: creation of national exam

Dentists (cont’d) Education 4-year accredited dental school is standard 58 accredited programs in U.S. Requirements for entering dental school: At least 2 years of college education (most have bachelor’s) Passing the Dental Admission Test (DAT) Diagnosing & treating tooth & gum disease in first 2 years Treatment of patients under supervision in last 2 years Schools award DDS or DMD degree

Dentists (cont’d) Course Work Anatomy & physiology Biochemistry Microbiology Laboratory techniques Pharmacology Histology

Dentists (cont’d) Licensure Required by all states Requires: Graduation from accredited dental school Passing of written & practical exam

Dentists (cont’d) General Duties Apply a crown Examine a patient’s teeth, gums, & mouth Interpret an x-ray Formulate a plan of treatment Administer an anesthetic Fill a cavity Apply a crown Perform a root canal Extract a tooth Apply braces Insert a dental implant

Dentists (cont’d) Specialties Orthodontics Oral & maxillofacial surgery Pediatric dentistry Periodontics Prosthodontics Endodontics Dental public health Oral & maxillofacial pathology Oral & maxillofacial radiology

Dentists (cont’d) Personal Characteristics Focus Self-discipline Strong work ethic Good problem-solving skills Attention to detail Patience Thoroughness Focus Manual dexterity Communication skills Genial personality Positive attitude

Dentists (cont’d) Employment Opportunities and Trends 16% growth from 2008 to 2018 In demand due to: Population growth Preventive care for younger people Increasing dental coverage among private insurance companies Rising popularity of cosmetic dental services

Dentists (cont’d) Professional Organization: ADA >157,000 members Advocates for dental profession & oral health Monitors policy issues in Congress, state legislatures, regulatory agencies, & foreign governments Establishes standards for & accredits dental education programs Issues Dental Admission Test and National Board Dental Examinations Develops standards for dental products & testing them Conducts scientific research

Dental Hygienists History of the Profession 1890: publication of Microorganisms of the Human Mouth by Willoughby D. Miller 1896: Alfred C. Fones integrated oral hygiene into practice 1913: Fones opened first oral hygiene school 1916: first university program started at Columbia University 1923: formation of American Dental Hygienists’ Association (ADHA) 1951: all states required licensure 1952: accreditation of schools begun 1962: first national board exam administered

Dental Hygienists (cont’d) Education Most programs offer associate’s degree Some offer certificate, bachelor’s degree, or master’s degree Entrance requirements: HS diploma or equivalent Academic classes & supervised clinical instruction

Dental Hygienists (cont’d) Course Work Basic science Dental science Dental hygiene science

Dental Hygienists (cont’d) Licensure Required in all states Requires: Graduation from accredited program Passing written exam & clinical board exam Renewal required periodically (continuing education)

Dental Hygienists (cont’d) Work Responsibilities Clean teeth Remove plaque & other materials from teeth & below gum line Polish teeth Examine mouth for tooth decay & gum disease Take x-rays Apply fluoride treatments, sealants, & other materials Make casts of patients’ teeth

Dental Hygienists (cont’d) Personal Characteristics Detail oriented Manual dexterity Efficient Well-organized Good people skills Patient Flexible

Dental Hygienists (cont’d) Employment Opportunities and Trends Rapid growth: 36% between 2008 & 2018 Ranks first among all occupations requiring associate’s degree Job growth due to: Increase demand for dental services due to expanding population Aging population Growing focus on preventive care

Dental Hygienists (cont’d) Professional Organization: ADHA Three-tier structure: national, state, local Monitors legislation & federal activities Represents profession before Congress Advocates on issues of scope of practice, education, & licensing Promotes dental hygiene education & research through fellowships & grants Offers continuing education programs, networking, employment assistance program

Dental Assistants History of the Profession C. Edmund Kells, dentist Founder of dental assisting Hired female assistant in 1885, starting a trend Milestones in the American Dental Assistants Association (ADAA) 1921: Juliette Southard started ADAA 1930: educational guidelines & training developed 1944: standards & a competency exam developed 1946: first 140-hour training course adopted 1948: certifying board established (DANB)

Dental Assistants (cont’d) Education Some trained on the job; most trained in programs Programs: At community/junior colleges, trade schools, technical institutes, & the military Most last 1 year & award certificate or diploma Some last 2 years & award associate’s degree Require HS diploma Include clinical practice with a dentist

Dental Assistants (cont’d) Course Work Oral & written communication Oral health education Anatomy and physiology Microbiology Oral pathology Nutrition Pharmacology Dental materials Chairside assisting Dental radiology Psychology Practice management

Dental Assistants (cont’d) Regulation, Licensure, and Certification States regulate duties Licensure or registration for expanded functions in some states Licensure requires completing accredited program, passing exam Continuing education required for renewal of license Two certification credentials offered by DANB: Certified Dental Association (CDA) Certified Orthodontic Association (COA) Two specialty areas: radiation health & safety and infection control

Dental Assistants (cont’d) Work Responsibilities Open office & daily routine Prepare dental treatment room Set up instrument trays Seat patient Take & develop x-rays Hand instruments to dentist Instruct patients in oral hygiene Clean & polish removable appliances Complete health history records Prepare bank deposits

Dental Assistants (cont’d) Personal Characteristics Reliable Comfortable working under supervision Work well with others Good communication skills Manual dexterity

Dental Assistants (cont’d) Employment Opportunities and Trends >295,000 jobs in 2008 36% growth between 2008 & 2018 More than one-third work part-time

Dental Assistants (cont’d) Professional Organization: ADAA Largest professional organization representing dental assistants DANB: certifying board of ADAA Credentials recognized or required in 37 states Provides home-study continuing education classes