This is Geography Chapter 1

Key Issue 3: Why are Different Places Similar?

Scale: Relationship between the portion of earth being studied and Earth as a whole Local vs Global Globalization: a force or process that involved the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope. Makes the world “smaller” Economic globalization Increasing connections between places and rapid movement between goods and information around the world. Cultural Globalization As the economy spreads between places, so does culture. Threatens local culture

Space: physical gap or interval between 2 objects Distribution: the arrangement of a feature in space 3 main properties: density, concentration, pattern. Density: frequency with which something occurs in space Depends on number of a feature and the land area EX: China vs Netherlands China =1.4 billion people, but only 140 people per kilometer. Netherlands = 17 million, but 500 per kilometer

Space: physical gap or interval between 2 objects Concentration: the extent of a feature’s spread over space If the objects are close together they are clustered, if they are far apart then they are dispersed

A: lower density than B and C B and C have the same density but different concentration B: Dispersed C: Clustered

Space: physical gap or interval between 2 objects Pattern: the geometric arrangement of objects in space

Space: Cultural identity Cultural groups tend to organize space. Tend to live by those who are like us Influence why people move where they do

Connections: Diffusion Diffusion: the process by which a feature spreads across space from one place to another over time Hearth: a place from which an innovation originates, so where something comes from 2 basic types of diffusion Relocation Expansion

Diffusion Relocation Diffusion: The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another Language Expansion Diffusion: the spread of a feature from one place to another in an additive process. 3 processes. Hierarchical diffusion: spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places. Political leaders, celebrities, region of power Contagious diffusion: the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population. Music, fashion, ideas Stimulus diffusion: the spread of an underlying principle even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse. Features of the iPhone and iPad adopted by competitors

Hierarchical

Contagious

Stimulus

Connections: Spatial Interaction Interaction takes place through a network: a chain of communication that connects places. Distance decay: the farther away something is from another, the less likely the two are to interact Space-time compression: the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place Technology!

Space Time Compression

Chapter 1, Figure 1.42 Labeled

Key Issue 4: Why Are Some Actions Not Sustainable?

Geography, Sustainability and Resources Resource: a substance in the environment that is useful to people, economically and technologically Renewable resource: produced in nature more rapidly than its consumed Trees Nonrenewable resource: produced in nature more slowly than its consumed Petroleum Sustainability: the use of Earth’s resources in ways that ensure their availability in the future

Three Pillars of Sustainability The Environmental Pillar: Conservation: the sustainable use and management of Earth’s natural resources to meet human needs such as food, medicine and recreation Preservation: the maintenance of resources in their present condition, with as little human impact as possible The Society Pillar: Human needs: shelter, food and clothing Use resources to meet these needs The Economy Pillar: Natural resources acquire a monetary value through exchange in a marketplace Supply and demand

Sustainability and Earth’s Physical System A biotic system is composed of living organisms An abiotic system is composed of non-living or inorganic matter 3 of Earth’s 4 systems are abiotic Atmosphere: thin layer of gases surrounding Earth Hydrosphere: all of the water on and near Earth’s surface Lithosphere: Earth’s crust and a portion of upper mantle directly below the crust Biosphere: all living organisms on Earth, including plants and animals and microorganisms

Ecology A group of living organisms and the abiotic spheres with which they interact is an ecosystem. Cultural Ecology: the geographic study of human-environment relationship How different cultures impact the environment Environmental determinism: the belief that the physical environment caused social development Possibilism: the physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment