Chapter 15 Population and urbanization Sociology in Our Times: The Essentials, Kendall, 10e

Questions for You How many people are currently alive? Why do some people move to the city and others to the country? How fast is the population growing? Do urban dwellers have a better life than rural dwellers?

Chapter Outline Demography: The Study of Population Population Growth in Global Context A Brief Glimpse at International Migration Theories Urbanization in Global Perspectives Perspectives on Urbanization and the Growth of Cities Problems in Global Cities Urban Problems in the United States Rural Community Issues in the United States Population and Urbanization in the Future

Sociology and Everyday Life: The Immigration Debate All “unauthorized immigrants” in the United States entered the country illegally.

Sociology and Everyday Life: The Immigration Debate Most people migrate to another country because of “push” factors that make them unhappy in their country of origin, such as poor economic conditions, political unrest, or war.

Sociology and Everyday Life: The Immigration Debate U.S. immigrant are just as likely to have college degrees as are native-born Americans.

Sociology and Everyday Life: The Immigration Debate Immigrants increase unemployment and lower wages among native workers.

Sociology and Everyday Life: The Immigration Debate Most children living in undocumented immigrant families were born in the United States and are, therefore, U.S. citizens.

Sociology and Everyday Life: The Immigration Debate When a Gallup poll asked Americans if illegal immigrants mostly take jobs that Americans want, or if they mostly take low-paying jobs that Americans don’t want, the majority of Americans indicated that they believe that most undocumented immigrants take low- paying jobs that Americans don’t want.

Sociology and Everyday Life: The Immigration Debate To become a naturalized U.S. citizen, immigrants must pass a basic test on English and U.S. civics.

Sociology and Everyday Life: The Immigration Debate Foreign-born non-U.S. citizens who marry a U.S. citizen are automatically granted U.S. citizenship.

Demography: The Study of Population Demography is a subfield of sociology that examines population size, composition, and distribution.

Figure 15.1 Growth in the World’s Population, 2012

Fertility is the actual level of childbearing for an individual or a population. The crude birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.

Mortality is the incidence of death in a population. The crude death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.

Table 15. 1 The Ten Leading Causes of Death in the U. S Table 15.1 The Ten Leading Causes of Death in the U.S., 1990 and 2010-2013

Migration is the movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purpose of changing residency. International versus internal Immigration versus emigration Push versus pull factors

Consider This… Figure 15.2 Political unrest, violence, and war are “push” factors that encourage people to leave their country of origin. By contrast, job opportunities, such as construction work in the United States, are a major “pull” factor for people from low-income countries.

Consider This… Figure 15.3 This fence between Mexico and the United States has been the subject of extensive media attention and public controversy. Although not a continuous fence, the barriers – combined with a “virtual fence” of sensors and cameras monitored by the U.S. Border Patrol – are designed to prevent illegal migration between the two countries.

Polling Question Should immigration be controlled? How?

Population composition is the biological and social characteristics of a population, including age, sex, race, marital status, education, occupation, income, and size of household. The sex ratio is the number of males for every hundred females in a given population. A population pyramid is a graphic representation of the distribution of a population by sex and age.

Figure 15.4 Population Pyramids for Mexico, Iran, the U.S., and France

Population Growth in Global Context The Malthusian perspective: the power of population is infinitely greater than the power of the earth to produce subsistence for man.

The Marxist perspective: overpopulation occurs because capitalists desire to have a surplus of workers in order to suppress wages and force workers concerned about losing their livelihoods to be more productive.

The Neo-Malthusians perspective Zero population growth is the point at which no population increase occurs from year to year.

The demographic transition is the process by which some societies have moved from high birth and death rates to relatively low birth and death rates as a result of technological development.

Polling Question What causes birth rates and death rates to change?

Figure 15.5 The Demographic Transition

A Brief Glimpse at International Migration Theories Neoclassical economic approach New households economic of migration approach Split-labor-market theory World systems theory Network theory Institutional theory

Urbanization in Global Perspective Preconditions for city development A favorable physical environment An advanced technology A well-developed social organization

Postindustrial Cities Preindustrial Cities Small, limited migration Industrial Cities Employment opportunities, increased size Postindustrial Cities Service/information sector, rapid expansion

Perspectives on Urbanization and the Growth of Cities Ecological Models The concentric zone model Invasion is the process by which a new category of people or type of land use arrives in an area previously occupied by another group or type of land use. Succession is the process by which a new category of people or type of land use gradually predominate in an area formerly dominated by another group or type of land use. Gentrification is the process by which members of the middle and upper-middle classes move into a central-city area and renovate existing properties.

Ecological Models The Sector Model The Multiple Nuclei Model Contemporary Urban Ecology

Figure 15.7 Three Models of the City

Consider This… Figure 15.8 Boston’s South End has recently experienced gentrification. Why do some social theorists disagree on the positive and negative effects of gentrification on communities?

Political Economy Models Both economic and political factors affect patterns of urban growth and decline. Urban space has both an exchange value and a use value. Both structure and agency are important in understanding how urban development takes place.

Figure 15.9 The Value of Urban Space

Consider This… Figure 15.10 How do gated communities increase the division between public and private property in the United States?

Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives Simmel: urban life shapes people’s thoughts and actions Wirth: urbanism is a way of life Gans: everyone experiences cities differently

Problems in Global Cities Rapid population growth Urban agglomeration Rural-to-urban migration

Polling Question What is the biggest problem facing urban areas?

Figure 15.12 The World’s Fourteen Largest Agglomerations

Concept Quick Review

Urban Problems in the United States Cities and suburbs Race/ethnicity Social class Edge cities and exurban areas Fiscal crises in cities

Consider This… Figure 15.13 Despite an increase in telecommuting and more-diverse employment opportunities in the high-tech economy, our highways have grown increasingly congested. Can we implement measures to reduce the problems of urban congestion and environmental pollution, or will these problems grow worse with each passing year?

Rural Community Issues in the United States Increased migration into rural areas Fiscal challenges for agriculture Limited economic opportunities Limited access to services

Population and Urbanization in the Future Rapid global population growth INSERT FIGURE 15.15

Figure 15.15 Increase in the World’s Population in Billions of People

Quick Quiz The movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency is called: emigration. traveling. migration. immigration.

Quick Quiz Answer: D. The movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency is called immigration.

Quick Quiz The movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residency elsewhere is called: immigration. traveling. migration. emigration.

Quick Quiz Answer: D. The movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residency elsewhere is called emigration.

Quick Quiz A graphic representation of the distribution of a population by sex and age is a: population composition. population regression. sex ratio. population pyramid.

Quick Quiz Answer: D. A graphic representation of the distribution of a population by sex and age is a population pyramid.

Quick Quiz The concentric zone perspective tends to work better in: older industrial cities. cities that had few immigrants. cities that were small and manageable in size. cities mainly that were agricultural based.

Quick Quiz Answer: A. The concentric zone perspective tends to work better in older industrial cities.

Quick Quiz According to Thomas Malthus: the population, if left unchecked, would gradually fit with the natural laws in the universe. the population, if left unchecked, would stabilize and maintain itself. the population, if left unchecked, would exceed available food supply, and then most of the population would die off due to hunger. the population, if left unchecked, would be motivated to accommodate the larger population.

Quick Quiz Answer: C. According to Thomas Malthus, population, if left unchecked, would exceed available food supply, and then most of the population would die off due to hunger.