Research and Policy Brief May 25, 2010 Slides and Notes Slide Stack Women and Higher Education in Utah: A Glimpse at the Past and Present Brief found at http://www.utahwomenandeducation.org/assets/Research__Policy_Brief_2.pdf Research and Policy Brief May 25, 2010

Introduction According to Lumina Foundation researchers, “The United States has long been the world’s most prosperous and successful nation, in part because our people have typically been the world’s best educated.” The same can be said historically for the State of Utah. Since 1940, Utah has consistently been above the national average in the percentage of adults holding bachelor’s degrees or higher. However, in the last two decades Utah has lost its advantage, and this is particularly true for women in the state.

Percentage of Females Attending Since 1940, Utah has consistently been above the national average in the percentage of adults holding bachelor’s degrees or higher. However, in the last two decades Utah has lost its advantage, and this is particularly true for women in the state. According to the Utah Foundation, from 1940 to 2000 the educational attainment of Utah women was higher than the national average. Conversely, in 2001 Utah women fell below the national average, and the trend has continued. In 1987, approximately 31 percent of the state’s 18–24-year-old female population attended postsecondary institutions (e.g., colleges, universities, and technical schools) compared to only 26 percent nationally (see Figure 1). The participation of Utah women in higher education continued to increase until 1993, when the percentage began decreasing. By 2001 the percentage of Utah women enrolled in postsecondary education decreased to the point that the national percentage surpassed the Utah percentage. It is important to note that the decline in Utah’s ranking is not because fewer Utah women are enrolled in college, but because the percentage of females enrolled in the state declined. Historically the number of Utah women with at least a baccalaureate degree had steadily increased, in part because of the population growth within the state. Presently, more Utah women are seeking postsecondary education, but they are not keeping up with their counterparts across the nation. Enrollment numbers have been increasing since 2003, but in 2008 they remained 3 percent below the national average of 41.4 percent.

State Comparisons National statistics show that, among those who attend college, more women (57 percent) enroll than men (43 percent). However, in Utah approximately 49 percent of higher education students are women, with the lowest percentages enrolled at the University of Utah (44 percent) and Utah Valley University (43 percent). Compared to all other states, Utah is last in terms of the percentage of female students enrolled in postsecondary institutions.

Females Enrollments by Race Utah Public National Public Difference American Indian or Alaska Native 57.8% 60.2% -2.4% Asian, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander 50.8% 53.9% -3.1% Black or African American 42.0% 64.9% -22.9% Hispanic 52.6% 58.8% -6.2% White 48.7% 56.3% -7.6% Nonresident Alien 50.1% 46.6% 3.5% How is Utah doing in terms of female enrollment by racial category compared to the national average? Significant differences emerge when comparing the race of the female students in Utah public institutions to those enrolled in national public institutions. The largest disparity in race is among the African American population; 42 percent of African American students enrolled in Utah postsecondary institutions are females compared to 64.9 percent nationally. The following table outlines the percentages of enrolled females by racial category in Utah public and national public institutions.

Female Enrollment by Age Are female students in Utah below the national average in all age categories? The percentage of female students enrolled in public institutions in Utah by age is unique. Because many young men leave for full-time missions for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS), the percentage of females enrolled is actually above the national average among 18–21-year-olds (see Figure 2). However, the percentage of females enrolled decreases dramatically in the 22–24 age category, in part due to young men returning to school after their missions. Part of this discrepancy could possibly be explained by Utah women graduating early; however, female graduation rates in Utah are below the national average, suggesting that women leave school without earning a diploma during these years. Hence, the disparity in enrollment by age is best explained by additional males coming into the system and females exiting the system more quickly.

Percentage of Enrollment What are longitudinal enrollment trends for females and males in Utah? There has been a downward trend for both women and men, as stated in the introduction. It is important to note that the percentage of the overall population of 18–24-year-old Utah males in college has also decreased. The male population in Utah was one of the highest educated groups in the United States for many years. The number of enrolled males began decreasing in 1991, while the national average increased consistently. By 2005, the number of Utah males enrolled in higher education matched the national average and has remained the same. Figure 3 combines Utah male and female data starting in 1987. In 1987, the percentages of Utah males and females enrolled in higher education were well above the national average. These percentages for both genders have decreased over time with the female reductions most prominent when compared to the national average. However, looking at the statistics in another way, only 32.1 percent of Utah males 18–24 years old enrolled in postsecondary education compared to 38.3 percent of Utah females. Even with the discrepancy explained partly by the number of Utah males who serve an LDS missions, it is apparent that participation rates for males in Utah should also increase. It is important to note that the higher percentages of women include females in certificate trade programs (e.g., cosmetology, massage, and culinary arts) that are focused on short-term postsecondary training rather than two- and four-year degree programs.

Female Graduation % By Award Level What is the graduation rate of Utah women? Utah women trail national female graduation rates in all degree categories (see Figure 4). National statistics illustrate high female graduation rates; nearly 58 percent of women across the United States graduate from public institutions, while the percentage of Utah women graduating is slightly below 50 percent. Of degrees granted across the nation in any type of institution, 59 percent are given to females compared with 53 percent in Utah when private not-for-profit (e.g., BYU) and other types of institutions are included. For example, private for-profit institutions (e.g., AmeriTech, Eagle Gate, Stevens-Henager, Utah Career) award 60 percent of their degrees to females. Among trade schools, 64 percent of applied technology and 88 percent of cosmetology school graduates are female. There is also a disparity across the board when comparing the downward trend of female graduates moving from associate degrees through doctorate degrees. Women receive 55 percent of all associate’s degrees in Utah, 46 percent of baccalaureates, 49 percent of master’s degrees, and 43 percent of doctorates. A similar drop is seen nationally, but the trend begins at 62 percent for the associate degree.

Percentage of Graduates Who are Female What types of degrees do women earn in Utah? Utah females are not keeping pace with national trends in graduation rates and in the degrees they pursue. Utah females trail their national counterparts in all areas outlined except Education and the Trades (see Figure 5). In education, Utah women at public institutions account for 79.4 percent of all graduates compared to the national average of 77.4 percent. This is commendable, since teachers are in demand due to the state’s growing population.6 Utah females graduating at the bachelor’s level are more likely to earn a degree in education, health, or social services. Interestingly, Utah women enrolled in trade fields account for 49.7 percent of all trade graduates, which is 12.5 percent higher than the national average of 37.2 percent. Utah has high numbers of women earning certificates and degrees in culinary arts and cosmetology. However, in Business, Health, Liberal Arts, and STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math), Utah women have lower graduation rates than their national peers. 

Conclusion (1 of 3) Utah citizens were previously among the best-educated people in the United States. Between 1993 and 2003 the proportion of Utah citizens enrolled in college declined dramatically. While enrollment rates are now increasing, they have not kept pace with the national average. This trend generates broad concern for the future of the state, underscoring the increasing need to prepare “Utah’s workforce for high-growth, high-wage jobs” that are “critical to maintaining both the competitiveness and standard of living of Utah’s workers.”

Conclusion (2 of 3) Clearly, women are doing well in many aspects of the postsecondary experience. However, to achieve the vision of Utah leaders as well as to meet the needs of Utah employers and families, more women in Utah need to make better educational choices and obtain college degrees. Women who want to maximize their employability and increase their wages, as well as mothers who want flexible working schedules in desirable jobs, need to consider more advanced education in high-demand professions.

Conclusion (3 of 3) A college degree also has implications well beyond the workplace. Formal education beyond high school is critical as Utah women continue to seek ways to become more competent and influential contributors within their homes, churches, communities, workplaces, and beyond.