Unit 2: Economic Growth in SC PPT 8-1.4 Slave Trade

Objective: To examine the conditions faced by African slaves during the Middle Passage. Listen for answers to following questions as you view the video; use your white board to take notes, if you want. “The Atlantic slave trade: What too few textbooks told you.” Approximately how many Africans were brought to the Americas? What were the three main labor intensive crops of the new colonies? Why did Native Americans make poor slaves? Where did Europeans look to meet the massive demand for labor? What did Europeans offer African kings and merchants in exchange for slaves? Why were African kings willing to sell other Africans into slavery? What was done to the slaves before they were loaded onto the slave ships? Approximately what percentage of slaves died during the journey to the Americas? Why were male slaves forced to “dance” on the deck of the ship? How did Europeans justify the act of slavery to themselves?

Approximately how many Africans were brought to the Americas? 2) What were the three main labor intensive crops of the new colonies? 3) Why did Native Americans make slaves? 4) Where did Europeans look to meet the massive demand for labor? 5) What did Europeans offer African kings and merchants in exchange for slaves? 10 million Sugar cane, tobacco and cotton Many resisted or died of disease. Africa manufactured goods, guns and rum

6) Why were African kings willing to sell other Africans into slavery? 7) What was done to the slaves before they were loaded onto the slave ships? 8) Approximately what percentage of slaves died during the journey to the Americas? 9) Why were male slaves forced to “dance” on the deck of the ship? 10) How did Europeans justify the act of slavery to themselves? to enrich themselves and weaken enemy tribes Their heads were shaved to prevent lice and they were branded. 20% to “exercise” the slaves and to prevent possible rebellion They believed that blacks were “biologically inferior and destined to be slaves.”

Engraving of "Portugese and Dutch Establishments in Africa", 17th century

Source: "File:AfricanSlavesTransport. jpg Source: "File:AfricanSlavesTransport.jpg." Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. 1 Dec 2014, 14:44 UTC.13 Jul 2017, 16:40 <https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AfricanSlavesTransport.jpg&oldid=141136465>.

White Boards: Write 2 facts and 2 reactions about the image above. Source: By David Livingstone - David Livingstone: Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and Its Tributaries, and of the Discovery of the Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa, 1858-1864. London: John Murray, 1865., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37544858 White Boards: Write 2 facts and 2 reactions about the image above.

Source: "File:The inspection and sale of a slave. jpg Source: "File:The inspection and sale of a slave.jpg." Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. 17 Oct 2016, 12:07 UTC.13 Jul 2017, 16:41 <https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_inspection_and_sale_of_a_slave.jpg&oldid=210057573>. This engraving, entitled An African man being inspected for sale into slavery while a white man talks with African slave traders, appeared in the detailed account of a former slave ship captain and was published in 1854.

Imports- good taken INTO an area Export- goods sent OUT of an area Source: "File:Detailed Triangle Trade.jpg." Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. 4 Oct 2012, 14:24 UTC.13 Jul 2017, 16:42 <https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Detailed_Triangle_Trade.jpg&oldid=80112265>. (Put on notes) Middle Passage – passage across the Atlantic Ocean from West Africa to the Americas; the route of the African American slave trade; one leg of the Triangular Trade Routes

Triangular Trade Routes

https://www. youtube. com/watch https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0IJrhQE6DZk Roots: The Middle Passage | History 2:34

'Inventory of Negroes, Cattle, Horses, etc on the estate of Sir James Lowther in Barbados taken this 31st day of December 1766' Source: Adult and Local Services, Cumbria County Council, Information@cumbriacc.gov.uk. "An Insight on Slavery." Cumbria County Council. Cumbria County Council, Cumbria, UK, 10 Sept. 2010. Web. 13 July 2017.

Source: "File:Slaveshipposter. jpg Source: "File:Slaveshipposter.jpg." Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. 1 Mar 2016, 12:25 UTC.13 Jul 2017, 17:13 <https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Slaveshipposter.jpg&oldid=189160942>. The slave ship Brookes with 482 people packed onto the decks. The drawing of the slave ship Brookes was distributed by the Abolitionist Society in England as part of their campaign against the slave trade, and dates from 1789.

Source: "File:Slaveshipposter. jpg Source: "File:Slaveshipposter.jpg." Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. 1 Mar 2016, 12:25 UTC.13 Jul 2017, 17:13 <https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Slaveshipposter.jpg&oldid=189160942>. The slave ship Brookes with 482 people packed onto the decks. The drawing of the slave ship Brookes was distributed by the Abolitionist Society in England as part of their campaign against the slave trade, and dates from 1789.

Africans were crowded and chained cruelly aboard slave ships. Image Courtesy of the New Haven Museum Photographic Archives Interior of a Slave Ship, a woodcut illustration from the publication, A History of the Amistad Captives, reveals how hundreds of slaves could be held within a slave ship. Tightly packed and confined in an area with just barely enough room to sit up, slaves were known to die from a lack of breathable air.

"...the excessive heat was not the only thing that rendered their situation intolerable. The deck, that is the floor of their rooms, was so covered with the blood and mucus which had proceeded from them in consequence of the flux, that it resembled a slaughterhouse." Taken from Alexander Falconbridge, a surgeon aboard slave ships and later the governor of a British colony for freed slaves in Sierra Leone.

Source: "Life on Board Slave Ships. " National Museums Liverpool Source: "Life on Board Slave Ships." National Museums Liverpool. International Slavery Museum, n.d. Web. 13 July 2017.

"Exercise being deemed necessary for the preservation of their health they are sometimes obliged to dance when the weather will permit their coming on deck. If they go about it reluctantly or do not move with agility, they are flogged; a person standing by them all the time with a cat- o'- nine- tails in his hands for the purpose." Taken from Alexander Falconbridge, An Account of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa.

Large scale importation of slaves began in the 1690s through the port of Charleston.

In 1781, the slave ship Zong left the West African coast with a cargo of 417 slaves. On the ship, water was scarce and many slaves began dying of disease. The voyage was insured, but the insurance would not pay for slaves that died due to illness or disease. Therefore, the ship’s captain decided to throw overboard any slave thought to be too sick to recover. In all, 132 slaves were thrown overboard before the ship reached its destination, the island of Jamaica. White Board: Q: Why did the captain murder 132 sick slaves by throwing them overboard? Be specific in your response. A: The insurance company would not pay the owners for slaves that died of illness or disease. However, they would pay the owners for slaves that drowned. Therefore, in order to collect from the insurance company, the captain drowned 132 slaves that he thought would have died from disease.

Source: "File:Zong massacre. jpg Source: "File:Zong massacre.jpg." Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. 3 Jul 2017, 14:50 UTC.13 Jul 2017, 17:25 <https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Zong_massacre.jpg&oldid=250156233>.

Hear an excerpt of Olaudah Equiano’s account of his experiences (5:09) Source: "File:1837 Life of Olaudah Equiano published by Isaac Knapp.png." Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. 9 Jul 2014, 12:39 UTC.13 Jul 2017, 17:30 <https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1837_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano_published_by_Isaac_Knapp.png&oldid=128546033>. As you listen to Equiano’s account, write down your thoughts, reactions, and questions or draw images on your notes page. Hear an excerpt of Olaudah Equiano’s account of his experiences (5:09)

"I was soon put down under the decks, and there I received such a salutation in my nostrils as I had never experienced in my life: so that, with the loathsomeness of the stench, and crying together, I became so sick and low that I was not able to eat, nor had I the least desire to taste anything. I now wished for the last friend, death, to relieve me; but soon, to my grief, two of the white men offered me eatables; and on my refusing to eat, one of them held me fast by the hands and laid me across I think the windlass, and tied my feet, while the other flogged me severely.” - Olaudah Equiano, giving the first eyewitness account of life on a ship from a slave's point of view.

African Slave Trade (3:10) Source: "Archivo:Slave Auction Ad.jpg." Wikipedia.org. Wikipedia, n.d. Web.

A poster for a slave auction in the British Atlantic Colony of St A poster for a slave auction in the British Atlantic Colony of St. Helena, 1829 Source: "File:Slave sale poster.jpg." Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. 6 Jul 2015, 13:29 UTC.13 Jul 2017, 17:51 <https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Slave_sale_poster.jpg&oldid=165139313>.

Source: "File:Broadside for 1858 Sale of Slaves in New Orleans. jpg Source: "File:Broadside for 1858 Sale of Slaves in New Orleans.jpg." Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. 24 Jan 2015, 16:39 UTC.13 Jul 2017, 17:50 <https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Broadside_for_1858_Sale_of_Slaves_in_New_Orleans.jpg&oldid=147702930>.

Slave trader's business in Atlanta, Georgia, 1864. Source: "File:Slave Market-Atlanta Georgia 1864.jpg." Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. 20 Oct 2016, 09:41 UTC.13 Jul 2017, 17:40 <https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Slave_Market-Atlanta_Georgia_1864.jpg&oldid=210302222>. Slave trader's business in Atlanta, Georgia, 1864.

Diseases, such as dysentery, malaria, and smallpox killed thousands of Africans. From 13% - 20% of the Africans aboard slave ships died during the Middle Passage. Between 1699 and 1845 there were 55 successful African uprisings on slave ships. Source: "File:Amistad revolt.jpg." Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. 20 Aug 2015, 03:44 UTC.13 Jul 2017, 17:55 <https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amistad_revolt.jpg&oldid=169106132>.

Slave Culture in SC Gullah and Geechee

Slaves brought their African culture from West Africa, including language, dance, music, woodcarving, folk medicine, food (yams), and basket weaving

The Gullah (SC) Geechee (GA) people are descendants of West African slaves brought to the coasts of the Carolinas, Georgia, and northern Florida, whose geographic isolation helped them retain a distinct culture and language. In chronicling the injustice her ancestors faced, South Carolina Gullah storyteller Theresa Jenkins Hilliard seeks to make their struggle real and relevant to younger generations.

https://www. youtube. com/watch https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0DGijYiGQU Gullah Geechee Storyteller Preserves a Painful Past | National Geographic 3.50

https://www.knowitall.org/series/gullah-tales

https://www. youtube. com/watch https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Fpki5IqcS4 Gullah Geechee Series Part 1: Basket Weaving 2.42

African rhythms heard in call and response songs sustained their work and their spirit as drums kept the beat of the fields and allowed communication with slaves on other plantations. (banned after the Stono Rebellion)

https://www. youtube. com/watch https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUOqyJWfOVc Charleston - Old Slave Mart 2.19