מבוא להנדסת אוירונוטיקה וחלל הנעה רקטית

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Presentation transcript:

מבוא להנדסת אוירונוטיקה וחלל הנעה רקטית מבוא להנדסת אוירונוטיקה וחלל הנעה רקטית

הודף – חומר להנעת טילים רקטיים הודף = דלק + מחמצן הודפים מוצקים הודפים נוזליים הודפים למנועי כלאיים – שילוב של מוצק(על פי רוב הדלק) ונוזל (המחמצן) הודפים במצב ג'ל (נוזל מוקרש)

הודפים מוצקים הדלק והמחמצן הנם מעורבבים יחד ולאחר עיבוד מתקבלת תערובת מוצקה. יתרונות: פשטות, עלות נמוכה, אמינות גבוהה, כוננות להפעלה מיידית. חסרונות: אין כמעט אפשרות של בקרת הדחף לאחר ההדלקה, אין אפשרות של כיבוי והדלקה מחדש, ביצועים אנרגטיים נמוכים יחסית, סכנה בטיחותית בעת אחסון.

בליסטיקה פנימית של מנוע הודף מוצק

בליסטיקה פנימית של מר"מ בעירה נאוטרלית - בעיקר במאיצים בעירה רגרסיבית - בעיקר בשלבים עליונים - כניסה למסלול למתן מספיק זמן לבקרה בעירה פרוגרסיבית - גם בשלבים עליונים בהתאם למשימה

בליסטיקה פנימית של מר"מ השפעת לחץ תא השריפה n – מעריך קצב הבעירה (burning rate exponent) a – קבוע קצב הבעירה (burning rate constant) תלוי בהרכב ובטמפרטורה ההתחלתית של ההודף

סוגים שונים של מר"מ

הודפים נוזליים הדלק והמחמצן הנם בנפרד אחד מהשני הן בעת אחסון והן בעת פעולת המנוע. יתרונות :ביצועים אנרגטיים גבוהים יחסית, יש אפשרות של בקרת הדחף כולל כיבוי והדלקה מחדש, סכנה בטיחותית בעת אחסון פחותה מזו של הודפים מוצקים. חסרונות : מורכבות, עלות גבוהה, זמן ארוך להכנה לשיגור.

הודפים למנועי כלאיים דלק פחמימני (פוליאתילן, פוליבוטדיין) בתצורה של גליל חלול. מחמצן נוזלי (חמצן נוזלי, מי חמצן) אשר זורם בחלל הגליל.

הגדרות משוואת הדחף: תקיפה סגולית תצרוכת הדלק הסגולית, TSFC: מדד לביצועים ליחידת נפח הוא הביטוי:

הודפים במצב ג'ל בעיקרון הם מתנהגים כמוצקים בעת האחסון וכנוזליים בעת פעולתם. יתרונות: כל יתרונות ההודפים הנוזליים בתוספת של רמת בטיחות, ביצועים אנרגטיים וצפיפות אנרגיה. זאת בעיקר בגלל היכולת לשאת בחלקיקים מתכתיים. חסרונות: כדומה לנוזליים וגם אין עדיין טכנולוגיה מפותחת.

What is a gel? Gels are liquids whose rheological properties have been altered by the addition of certain gelling agents (gellants) and as a result, their behavior resembles that of solids.

"The colloidal condition, the gel, is one which is easier to recognize than to define." D. Jordan Lloyd, 1926 "A system of solid character, in which the colloidal particles somehow constitute a coherent structure." Bungenberg de Jong, 1949 "A substance that contains a continuous solid skeleton enclosing a continuous liquid phase. The continuity of the solid structure gives elasticity to the gel." Brinker and Scherer, 1990

What is a gel? „ A liquid containing a colloidal structural network that forms a continuous matrix and completely pervades the liquid phase.“(ASTM D2507-93) Example: particulate gel on basis of Aerosil particles Agglomerates Primary particle Aerosil particle Gellation Under shear stress Hydrogen bonds Agglomerates 3D-network structure

Gel Propellants During storage, they behave as viscoelastic solids During the feeding process their viscosity decreases under shear stress to the degree of liquefaction Finally, they are atomized and burn as liquids

Advantages Safety aspects reduced leakage rate low sensitivity to impact, friction and electrostatic discharge in accidental ignition combustion is controllable and can be prevented cracks in the gel structure have no effect

Advantages Performance aspects Specific impulse: similar to liquids and increases when metal particles are added Density impulse: similar to liquids, increases significantly when metal particles are added Energy management: similar to liquids

Advantages Storage aspects Stability: long term storage capability (more than 10 years) Packing: flexible packing, similar to liquids Particle sedimentation: in comparison to slurries, particle sedimentation is significantly lower and phase separation occurs in very high acceleration levels

מינוחים וסימנים מקובלים במר"מ 1 2 4&3 PAYLOAD מטען מועיל ORBIT INSERTION MOTORS SEPERATION MOTORS UPPER STAGESשלבים עליונים STRAP - ON BOOSTERS LOWER STAGE שלב נמוך CORE VEHICLE LAUNCH VEHICLE WITH STRAP-ONS STRAIGHT STACK

FRANCE – ARIANE-5 Ariane-5 launcher has a payload capability of 7,300 kg in a dual-payload mission to geostationary transfer orbit and 8,000 kg in a single -satellite launch.

FRANCE – ARIANE-5 Using a limited number of engines, Ariane 5 has an architecture that is both simple and robust. The vehicle consists of a 30-meter-tall main cryogenic core stage, two 30-meters-tall solid booster stages, and an upper stage.

RUSSIA - SOYUZ More than 1,670 missions have been performed by Soyuz launchers to orbit satellites for telecommunications, Earth observation, weather and scientific missions, as well as for manned flights. Soyuz offers payload lift capability of 4,100 kg to 5,500 kg into a 450-km circular orbit.

UKRAINE - ZENIT Length: 57 m Diameter: 3.5 m Liftoff Thrust: 740 tons Zenit, introduced in 1985, is a liquid-fueled launch vehicle. It uses liquid oxygen and kerosene and can deliver over 30,000 pounds into Low-Earth Orbit. A three-stage version is currently in development and will be used for geostationary missions. Length: 57 m Diameter: 3.5 m Liftoff Thrust: 740 tons

CHINA China has developed a manned spacecraft and high-reliability launching vehicle. China's first unmanned experimental spacecraft "Shenzhou" was successfully launched and recovered November 20-21, 1999

JAPAN - MITSUBISHI The H-IIA Rocket has the capacity to put a two to three ton class artificial satellite into the static satellite orbit. Length: 52.5 m Diameter: 4.0 m Weight: Standard type: 290 ton Augmented type: 410 ton

JAPAN - MITSUBISHI LE-7A First Stage Engine for the H-IIA Rocket Propellant: Liquid oxygen/Liquid hydrogen Thrust (vacuum):112 ton Isp (vacuum): 438 sec Weight: 1,800 kg

INDIA - GSLV Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle. The GSLV uses solid propellant first stage core vehicle and storable liquid propellant second stage.  The first stage has been augmented with four liquid strap-on boosters each equipped with an engine similar to the one used to power the rocket's second stage. 

ISRAEL - SHAVIT - OFEK An Israeli-made Shavit missile blasted off from the Palmahim air force base carrying the Ofek-5 spy satellite aloft on May 28, 2002. Israel launched the sophisticated spy satellite in an attempt to extend its ability to monitor military developments in the region and in a clear demonstration of its advanced missile capabilities. With the launch of the Ofek-1 in September 1988, Israel became the eighth country to launch its own satellite (U.S., Russia, Ukraine, India, China, Japan, Israel, and France).

ISRAEL – Arrow Missile The Arrow 2 system can detect and track incoming missiles as far way as 500 km and can intercept missiles 50-90 km away. The Arrow 2 uses a terminally-guided interceptor warhead to destroy an incoming missile from its launch at an altitude of 10 to 40 km at nine times the speed of sound. The command and control system is designed to respond to as many as 14 simultaneous intercepts.