The Atom Nucleus (protons and neutrons) An atom consists of a Nucleus (protons and neutrons) Electrons travel in space about the nucleus. Electron cloud Nucleus

Atoms are extremely small Atoms are extremely small. One teaspoon of water has 3x as many atoms as the Atlantic Ocean has teaspoons of water!

The ATOM The atom is mostly empty ________ Most of the mass of an atom is in the _______. Protons and neutrons have a mass of _____. Atomic mass = _________________

The ATOM The atom is mostly empty space Most of the mass of an atom is in the nucleus. Protons and neutrons have a mass of 1. Atomic mass = # protons + # neutrons

ATOM COMPOSITION: CHARGES Protons have a charge of ____ Electrons have a charge of ______ Neutrons have _____ charge

ATOM COMPOSITION: CHARGES Protons have a charge of +1 Electrons have a charge of -1 Neutrons have NO charge

Electrons • the number of electrons is ______ to the number of protons since elements have no charge.

Electrons • the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons since elements have no charge. This means the atomic number tells us the # of protons and it tells us the number of electrons that are in an element.

•Atomic number: number of protons in an atom, = •Atomic number: number of protons in an atom, = number of electrons in electron cloud • Atomic mass: number of protons plus neutrons

An element has 28 protons and 31 neutrons: What is it?

atomic mass – atomic number Nickel: 28 protons 31 neutrons # neutrons = atomic mass – atomic number

An element has an atomic mass of 184. How many protons does it have An element has an atomic mass of 184. How many protons does it have? How many electrons does it have? How many neutrons does it have?

Atomic mass= 184 Atomic number = 74 74 protons, 74 electrons 110 neutrons (184 – 74 = 110)

Isotopes Atoms of the same element (same # of protons) but have a different mass number.. Boron-10 (10B) has 5 p and 5 n Boron-11 (11B) has 5 p and 6 n 10B 11B

Isotopes & Their Uses Bone scans with radioactive technetium-99.

CARBON-14 – RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE Occurs in trace amounts in the atmosphere Absorbed into living organisms The half-life of carbon-14 is approx 5700 years (when half the C-14 is converted to N-14)

Atomic Symbols for Isotopes: 2 Ways name of the element and the mass number: sodium-23, sodium-24 mass number and atomic number in symbol form mass number 23 Na atomic number 11

Which of the following represent isotopes of the same element? Which element is it? 234 X 234 X 235 X 238 X 92 93 92 92 1 2 3 4

Compounds a pure substance composed of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio that can be separated by heat and electricity properties differ from those of individual elements Ex : table salt (NaCl)

Composition of molecules is given by a MOLECULAR FORMULA A MOLECULE is 2 or more NONMETAL atoms bonded together by COVALENT BONDS– they may be the same element (ie diatomic molecule) or they may be different elements (ie caffeine) Composition of molecules is given by a MOLECULAR FORMULA H2O C8H10N4O2 - caffeine

ELEMENTS THAT EXIST AS DIATOMIC MOLECULES Remember: The “GENS” These elements exist as PAIRS when ALONE. Hydrogen (H2) Nitrogen (N2) Oxygen (O2) Halogens (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2) (P4 and S8)