Teil 2/2:

Beginn Ende der 1940er Jahre Ende frühe 1970er Jahre PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

beschleunigte Auflösung der Majors neue Technologien (Widescreen) Feature Film verändert sich PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Attentate: JFK, Robert Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Malcom X Civil Rights Bill 64 Kubakrise, Vietnamkrieg, Antiwar protests JFK, Lyndon B. Johnson Riot democratic party convention 1968 Chicago sexual revolution, Antibaby-Pille 1960 Jugendkultur PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

double bill verschwindet weniger Filme Risiko steigt 1961: ¾ der Filme verlieren Geld profit margins increased exponentially : 20 Filme more than 10 Mill : 60 Filme PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

1960: 40% of all movies financed by Hollywood majors were shot overseas UK, Italien und Frankreich: direct governmental subsidies incompetent and/or inefficient foreign crews, language Lawrence of Arabia 1962 Dr. Strangelove 1964 Struggle with SAG (Actor's guild) unemployment among technicians and production personnel 40% PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

1949: 2% der US-Haushalte besitzen Fernseher 1959: 86 % Columbia und Universal erste Studios die TV- Programm produzieren, Movies for TV Ende der 1960er: mehr Filme fürs TV als fürs Kino Networks: ABC, CBS, NBC 1967: CBS kauft Republic facilities 17 self-produced feature length movie production SAG not to oppose CBS or ABC PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

SAG Streik 1960 Health and welfare plan 6% of producers net revenues from sale of old films sale of pre-1948 films actors as producers percentage deals Bryna Productions: Kirk Douglas Batjac Prod. Company: John Wayne PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

7 Majors: 2/3 aller Filme, so gut wie alle first-run Filme 1958: 50% independent 1960: 75% independent 165 Produktionsfirmen Lawyers and agents from making movies to financing them distribution 1963 Film Production Steuererleichterung Hits tragen finanziell die Flops nicht mehr agents, actors, writers, directors, financiers werden Produzenten PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Samuel Z. Arkhoff and Ben Nicholson Roger Corman Low budget Teenage audience The Wild Angels 1966 Peter Fonda, Nancy Sinatra Largest grossing low budget film, Venice film festival Easy Rider 1969 Fonda, Hopper, Nicholson Most successful independent production of the 60s Distribution deal with Columbia PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

MCA kauft Universal 1962 Gulf & Western kauft Paramount 1966 TransAmerican Corp. (Bank of America) kauft UA 1967 Seven Arts merger mit WB 1967 Kirk Kerkorian kauft MGM 1969 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Gulf and Western Desilu (TV production) Madison Square garden Basketball and hockey team Holiday on ice Simon and Schuster Robert Evans Rosemary's Baby 1968 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Sold its lot – Century City Cleopatra 1963 Walter Wanger 40 Mill. Dollar Skouras fired 1965 Sound of Music Doctor Dolittle 1967 und Star! 1968 floppen PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

British co-prod.: Lawrence of Arabia, A Man for All Seasons 66, Oliver! 68 Sidney Poitier In the Heat of the Night 1967 Guess Who's Coming to Dinner 1967 Easy Rider 1969 Funny Girl 1968 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

UK co.-prod: Tom Jones 1963, A Shot in the Dark 1964, A Hard Day's Night 1964 Bond-Filme Midnight Cowboy 1969 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Back lot, props, music library werden verkauft MGM Grand Hotel und Casino in Las Vegas PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Rising marriage and birth rates Mehr Freizeit Mehrheit lebt in den Vorstädten Unabhängige Kinobesitzer Vorstädte sind fast ausschließlich weiß (WASP) Segregation wird 1964 juristisch beendet Frauen waren seit dem Ende des 1. WKs die Mehrheit im Publikum das verbleibene Publikum wird jünger und männlicher PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

500 nationwide in den frühen 1960er Jahren studentisches Publikum large cities or towns with students by the 1970s growth was over mix of foreign film and low budget American features labeled "independent Film Festival New York Film Festival seit 1963 im Lincoln Center Amos Vogel Erste Seminare im Rahmen des Festivals Film generation Vogel: for young people (film) is their art – the 20 th century art form PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

film festivals, college courses, writings Andrew Sarris, Pauline Kael, Stanley Kauffmann Foreign films PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Drive ins Multiplex 1960: 25 Kinos shopping center theater two small theaters, single projection booth In den nächsten 20 Jahren (von 1963 angefangen) 218 Kinos mit screens 1966: über 500 werden gebaut, alle suburban multiplexes Ende der 1960er Renovierung der älteren Kinos in Multiplexe PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

TV macht die Verleihung zum globalen Event Bob Hope Kodak sponsored 1966 zum 1. Mal in Farbe sw und Farbe cinematography 1966 verschoben wg. Martin Luther King Dorothy Chandler Pavilion mehr Moderatoren PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Actor in a Leading Role 1963: Sidney Poitier (Lilies of the Field) 2001: Denzel Washington (Training Day) 2004: Jamie Foxx (Ray) 2006: Forest Whitacker (The Last King of Scotland) PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Actress in a Leading Role 2001: Halle Berry (Monsters Ball) Actor in Supporting Role 1982: Lou Gossett Jr. (An Officier and a Gentleman) 1989: Denzel Washington (Glory) 1996: Cuba Gooding Jr. (Jerry Maguire) 2004: Morgan Freeman (Million Dollar Baby) PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Actress in a Supporting Role 1939: Hattie McDaniel (Gone With the Wind) 1990: Whoopie Goldberg (Ghost) 2006: Jennifer Hudson (Dreamgirls) 2009: MoNique (Precious) 2011: Octavia Spencer (The Help) PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

The French Line 1954 in 3D condemned Splendor in the Grass 61, Kazan, released without a seal The Pawnbroker 1965 Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? 1966 Blow Up 19 66, MGM vertreibt den Film ohne Siegel Bonnie and Clyde 1967 Eric Johnston MPAA erwägt 1961 erstmals den Ersatz des Codes durch ein Rating System 1966 Jack Valenti wird MPAA President PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

tritt am in Kraft G M (spatter PG) R X (spatter NC-17) X : The Damned 1969, Midnight Cowboy 1969, A Clockwork Orange 1971 erst in den 1970ern steht X für Porno PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

James Wong Howe Hud 1963 Robert Surtees My Fair Lady 1964 Graduate 1967 Burnett Guffey Bonnie and Clyde PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Haskell Wexler In the Heat of the Night 1967 Thomas Crown Affair 1968 Medium Cool 1969 Laszlo Kovacs Easy Rider 1969 William Fraker Rosemary's Baby 1968 Bullitt 1968 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

ASL average shot length von von 11 Sekunden auf 9,3 Sekunden : 7,7 Sekunden Anne Coates Lawrence of Arabia 1962 keine fades und dissolves mehr, associational montage, slow motion, freeze frame Shorter shots, Quickened narrative pace, Influence by TV and experimental film PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Boston Strangler 1968 Woodstock 1970 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

The Hustler 1961 America, America 1963 Bonnie and Clyde 1967 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Rear Window 1954 Psycho 1960 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Automatic dialogue replacement (ADR) Dubbing became more sophisticated and polished Off-Screen Sound Lawrence of Arabia 1962 Overlapping dialogue sound Dolby PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

1958 entlassen die Studios ihre Musiker Jazz Alex North A Streetcar Named Desire 1951 Elmer Bernstein The Man with the Golden Arm 1955 Quincy Jones The Pawnbroker 1965 In the Heat of the Night, In Cold Blood 1967 Duke Ellington Anatomy of a Murder 1959 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Henry Mancini Peter Gunn (TV Serie) Breakfast at Tiffany's 1961 Experiment in Terror 1962 Days of Wine and Roses 1962 Pink Panther 1963 Bernhard Hermann Birds 1963 Seven Days in May 1964 Psycho 1960 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

2001: Odyssee in Space: temp track Alex North Score nicht verwendet song scoring The Graduate 1967 Alice's Restaurant 1969, Arlo Guthrie Zabriskie Point 1970 Pink Floyd Easy Rider 1969 Midnight Cowboy (Harry Nilson) Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (Burt Bacharach) PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

John Barry Lalo Schifrin Michel Legrand Jerry Goldsmith Soundtrack-Alben PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Doris Day Most profitable star , danach nicht mehr unter den top ten Elizabeth Taylor 1960: $ Butterfield 8, Oscar Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf 66 Natalie Wood Splendor in the Grass 61 West Side Story 621 Audrey Hepburn Breakfast at Tiffany's 61 My Fair Lady 64 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Julie Andrews Mary Poppins 64 Sound of Music 65 S.O.B. 81 Shirley MacLaine Faye Dunaway Kathrine Ross Jane Fonda Barefoot in the Park 67 Barbarella 68 They Shoot Horses don't they? 69 Barbra Streisand Funny Girl 68 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Paul Newman Hustler 61 Hud 63 Cool Hand Luke 67 Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid 69 Warren Beatty Splendor in the Grass Lilith 64 Mickey One 65 Steve McQueen Magnificent seven 60 Great Escape 62 Cincinnatti Kid 65 Bullitt 67 Thomas Crown affair 68 Dustin Hoffmann The Graduate 67 Midnight cowboy 69 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Sidney Poitier Defiant Ones 58 Lilies of the field 63 Guess who's coming to diner 67 In the heat of the night 67 Jerry Lewis Woody Allen und Mel Brooks PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

PR campaigns Wayne's The Alamo nomination for best picture The Apartment West Side Story Lawrence of Arabia Tom Jones My Fair Lady Sound of Music A Man for All Seasons In the Heat of the Night Midnight Cowboy PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Lonely Are the Brave 62 Butch Cassidy and Sundance Kid 69 True Grit 69 Wild Bunch 69 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Cool Hand Luke Graduate Bonnie and Clyde The Graduate: 72% unter % Jahre Pauline Kael PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Autorenkino Blockbuster PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Universal – MCA 1962 Paramount Gulf and Western 1966 UA TransAmerica 1967 WB Kinney National Service Corp MGM Kirk Kerkorian 1969 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Exploitation Shift in audience Rating system Distribution: saturation booking PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

saturation release: sehr hohe Kopienzahl: bis Kopien four walling: mietet der Anbieter ein Kino und umgeht so zur Kostenreduzierung den Verleih. PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Federal income tax credits on losses Investment tax credit on domestic production Tax shelters and tax-leveraged investment became the key mode of production finance Financing 20% of all film starts Outlawed domestically, they migrated overseas: Germany, Australia PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Marketing Event films Synchronize production with marketing Marketing begins before a film is even scripted Saturation booking Massive TV Ads distribution pattern of exploitation producers PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Merchandising Sound-track album Product tie-ins Product placement PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

One big film a year 1977: top 6 von 199 sind 1/3 der Jahreseinnahmen der Filmindustrie verantwortlich PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

genre sequel series remakes reissues prequels PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Love Story 1970 The Godfather 1972 Jaws 1975 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Film generation (Ausbildung an Filmschulen, Filmkultur, Filme im TV) Auteur theory Andrew Sarris another way to market the product PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Superficial stylistic exuberance, leaving Classical Hollywood's paradigms fundamentally untouched Return to genre Blockbuster production demanded stories that were pre-tested, pre-sold and easily packaged for global distribution Neo-classicism PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Interesse an Filmgeschichte, Form und Stil Risk reduction via genre Classical genres Revising, de-constructing, correcting genre Exploitation genres Genre parody Genre pastiche Nostalgia PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Vietnam Western (Little Big Man) Modernist or Anti-Western (McCabe and Mrs. Miller) Traditional Westerns (John Wayne) Comic and Parodic Westerns (Blazzing Saddles) PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Godfather Getaway 72 Badlands 73 Sugarland Express 74 Dog Day Afternoon 75 Mean Streats 73 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Chinatown 74 Long Goodbye 73 Night Moves 75 Vigilante/revenge movies Dirty Harry 71 Death Wish 74 Straw Dogs 71 Taxi Driver 76 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Parallex View 74 All the President's Men 76 Conversation 74 Three Days of the Condor 75 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Woodstock 70 Fiddler on the Roof 71 Cabaret 72 New York, New York 77 That's Entertainment! 74 Nashville 75 Rocky Horror Picture Show 75 Tommy 75 Saturday Night Fever 77 Grease 78 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

The Exorcist 73 Most commercially successful horror film ever made 226 First to be nominated as best picture The Omen 76 Texas Chain Saw Massacre 74 Vision of the American family as monstrosity and the American home as slaughterhouse 229 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Jaws 75 Moving subjective camera shots from the shark's point of view Halloween male psycho-killer who stalks sexually active teenage girls Steadicam Subjektive kamera POV des Killers Hand-held camera Misogynie, Sexismus PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Westworld 73 Omega Man 71 THX Silent Running 71 Soylent Green 73 Dark Star 74 Star Wars 77 Close Encounters 77 Superman 78 Alien 79 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Airport 70 Poseidon Adventure 72 Towering Inferno 74 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s Black filmmakers Proud new attitude: Say it loud, I'm black and I'am proud Ossie Davis Melvin Van Pebbles Sweet Sweetback's Baad Assss Song (1971) Shaft (MGM) (Gordon Parks Sr.) (1971) Superfly (Gordon Parks. Jr. 1972) PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Stereotypical depiction Black detectives, gangsters, prostitutes, drug kingpins Written, directed and produced by whites Hammer 1972 Cool Breeze 72 Trouble Man 72 Black Caesar 73 Coffy 73 Cleopatra Jones 73 Foxy Brown 74 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Importe aus Hong Kong Shaw Brothers Bruce Lee Enter the Dragon 73 WB PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Werben mit X-rated Newspapers to refuse to review or accept advertising for all X-rated films 1972: 47% of exhibitors were refusing X-rated films films cut to avoid x-rating NC 17 ersetzt 1990 das X Porn Chic PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Beyond the Valley of the Dolls 1970 Vixens 68 Supervixens 75 Beneath the Valley of the Dolls 79 Roger Ebert Drehbücher PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Radley Metzger Opening of Misty Beethoven 76 Deep Throat 72 11th highest grossing film of the year Devil in Miss Jones 72 Behind Green Doors 73 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Last Tango in Paris 73 UA Emanuelle 74 Columbia import Story of O 75 Pretty Baby 78 Taxi Driver 76 Exorcist 73 VCR PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

1977: Über 40-Jährige machen 45 % der US- Bevölkerung aus, aber nur 13% der Kino- Eintrittskarten 57 % des Kinopublikums sind unter 25 Jahre shopping mall, mall cinemas Übergang vom first run etc. zu Jahres PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Reissues James T. Aubrey Replaced in merger mit UA PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Deal with MCA joint distributionship abroad: CIC cinema international corporation Control a third of hollywood's overseas market Joined by UA 1981: UIP (United International Pictures) Frank Yablans, Michael Eisner Don Simpson Jeffrey Katzenberg Second boom in 77-78: SNF, Grease, Heaven Can Wait 78 Yablans: we want one big picture a year. The rest are budgeted to minimize risk. PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

-Warner-Elektrik-Atlantic record company WEA Ted Ashley (Agent) 1989 merger mit Time, Inc. (Time Warner) PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Darryl Zanuck CEO Richard Zanuck reorganized and diversified Resignation of both The Sting 73 Towering Inferno 74 mit WB Alan Ladd Jr. Star Wars PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

MCA was forced to sell ist agency business Universal City 1964 American Graffiti 73 Jaws 75 Nur 11 filme in 1976 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Deal mit BBS Bert Schneider 82 von Coca Cola gekauft PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Cost cutting Firing 300 employees Capping production budgets at 2 mill. $ Distributor of MGM Eric Pleskow wird 73 Präsident und CEO 78: Krim, Benjamin, Pleskow resigned and formed Orion Pictures Company, first major new film company in 50 years Heaven's Gate min version zurückgezogen 149 min Apokalypse Now Kerkorian kauft UA merged MGM/United Artists Entertainment Company wird 86 von Ted Turner gekauft PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Roy Disney 71: Disney World Orlando reissues 68-73: 35% total gross - reissues 79 verlassen Don Bluth und andere Animateure Disney und gründen Don Bluth Productions Hälfte der Einnahmen aus Theme Parks Touchstone Pictures 1980 wird Michael Eisner CEO und Chair PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

: 300 independents R and PG rated action and exploitation 2/3 of all American production 10-15% box office PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

MCA Lew Wasserman William Morris Agency International Creative Management ICM Creative Artists Agency CAA Michael Ovitz Dominated deal-making and packaging Packagers and producers of films Sue Mengers Deal making had replaced filmmaking PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

1980: General Cinema UA Communication, Inc. AMC Plitt Theaters Saturation booking Wide release 1977 six majors releasing films each (annually) film shortage peak seasons – summer, thanksgiving, christmas-new year's, easter PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

cinematography spezial effects sound PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Local 659 Gewerkschaft, Ausschließungsmechanismen Improvements in lightning and film stock Panaflex Mitchell Steadycam Video-Assist Technology PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Matting Blue Screen Star Wars 77 Industrial Light and Magic computerized motion-control system Tron 1982 PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Dolby Stereo Optical Sound Star Wars wurde in mehr Kinos mit Dolby als ohne gezeigt. Second Coming of Sound Filme wie Jaws und Exorcist immer noch mono Dolby Surround PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Walter Murch The right and appropriate combination of sounds- and putting them in the right place The Conversation Foley recording PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Majors recovered strongly ended the decade dominating both the domestic and international markets Film only one item in multimedia package Den alten Studiobossen gehörte das Studio, die neuen sind Manager und 1%er Drei Jahre nach Heavens Gate waren alle Managements der Majors ausgetauscht steigende Produktions- und Marketingkosten Outside Money PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber

Narrative form changed very little Screenwriting manuals (Syd Field) rapid cutting Jump cutting largely abandoned Long takes mehr in europäischen filmen Lighter cameras, location shooting Steadicam or hand-held PD Mag. Dr. Claus Tieber