AP World History Unit 1 8000-600 B.C.E.

Paleolithic Era (Anything in red doesn’t go in notes) Archaeological evidence indicates that bands of hunter-foragers: migrated from East Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas Developed tools (including fire) as they adapted to various environments Lived in small groups that provided political, social, and economic activity Exchanged people and ideas with one another QUESTION: Why must we rely on archaeological evidence for this?

Neolithic Revolutions: c. 8000 B.C.E. Permanent agricultural villages developed in Eastern Mediterranean Possibly in response to climate change Agriculture (domestication of plants/animals) occurred independently in: Tigris and Euphrates river valleys (Mesopotamia) Nile River Valley (Egypt) Indus River Valley (India) Huang He (Yellow) River Valley (China) Sub-Saharan Africa Papua New Guinea Mesoamerica (Mexico, Central America) Andes Mountains (South America)

Agricultural Communities People Worked together to cleared land, created water control systems (Dams, irrigation) Affected Environment

Pastoralism Semi-nomadic culture that moved herds for grazing Grasslands of Afro-Eurasia Overgrazing led to environmental damage

Human Societies Transform Pastoralism, agriculture result in more reliable, abundant food supplies Populations increase Labor specialization begins, creating new classes Artisans Warriors Elites

Patriarchal societies develop Hierarchies intensify as societies grow and expand

New Technology Pottery, Plows, Textiles, Wheels/vehicles, Metallurgy Lead to improvements in agriculture, trade, transportation Chinese Bronze tools

Foundational Civilizations Developed where agriculture flourished Mesopotamia (Tigris/Euphrates) Egypt (Nile) Mohenjo-daro, Harappa (Indus) Shang (Huang He) Olmec (Mesoamerica) Chavin (Andes)

The First States Developed in Mesopotamia, Egypt Powerful systems of rule Mobilized surplus labor and resources Rulers often claimed divine connection enjoyed military support

Expansion States grew and competed for land, resources Growing populations, food supply enabled those with best resources to expand through conquest Example: Hittites had access to iron, which they used for weapons

Mesopotamia

Egypt

War Technology Often developed and spread by pastoralists Weapons included those made of iron as well as composite bows New transportation included horseback riding and chariots Peace Treaty of the battle of Kadesh (1269 BCE; between Egypt and the Hittites), which was the biggest chariot battle in history. Both sides claimed victory, but Egyptian Pharaoh Ramses II actually won the fighting. This is the oldest known peace treaty.

Urban Planning Streets and Roads Sewage and Water Systems Defensive Walls “Monumental architecture” Ziggurats Pyramids Temples

Record Keeping Systems develop separately Cuneiform Hieroglyphics Pictographs Alphabets Quipu

Legal Codes Reflected existing hierarchies Facilitated rule of government over people Code of Hammurabi (Babylonia) Code of Ur-Nammu (Sumer)

Religious Beliefs Developed during this time Would continue to have impact in future Vedic Religion (c. 1500 BCE) Hebrew Monotheism/Judaism (c. 1500 BCE) Zoroastrianism (c. 1200-600 BCE)

Expansion of trade Initially local Expanded to regional, interregional Mesopotamia-Egypt Egypt-Nubia Mesopotamia-Indus River Valley

Exchanged were: Goods – food, etc. Cultural Ideas – Religion, government Technology – weapons, etc.