INSTITUTE OF METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCES 30-059 Krakow, Reymonta St. 25 tel: (+48 12) 637 42 00, 637 45 80, fax: (+48 12) 637 21 92 www: htp://www.imim.pl Photovoltaic Laboratory 43-340 Kozy, Krakowska St. 22 tel/fax.: (+48 33) 8174 249 e-mail: marlipin@wp.pl

Photovoltaic Laboratory in Kozy Thirty years experience in R&D of silicon solar cells First Si solar cell in Poland (1977) The unique laboratory in Poland which makes solar cells The main reaserch topics: Texturization of mc-Si Diffusion Passivation of the Si surfaces Passivation and gettering of mc-Si Antireflection Coatings Porous slicon layer SiNx:H (PECVD) (in cooperation with others laboratories) TiOx (spray, CVD) Metallization by Screen Printing Characterization of solar cells

PROJECTS „Elaboration of high efficiency monocrystalline and multicrystalline silicon solar cell”, in the frame of the project „Development of Photovoltaics to Produce Electricity in Poland” - PBZ KBN 05/T11/98 (1999-2002) „Graded layers for high efficiency silicon solar cell application” in the frame of „Designing and producing functionally graded materials”- PBZ/T08/2003 (2004-2007). Statutory works of IMSA PAS: „Defect engineering in polycrystalline silicon for the silicon solar cells” (2005-2007). „Passivation of multycrystalline silicon and fabrication silicon nanoparticles by using SiNx:H layers”, N N507 444234 (2008-2010) Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells with Point Back Contacts Formed by Laser Method (2008-2010) Research in the frame scientific network: PV-TECH – „Development of new technologies and research techniques in the field of silicon solar cells”, 2008-2009

Photovoltaic Laboratory in Kozy RESEARCH TECHNIQUES Photovoltaic Laboratory in Kozy   Two Infrared belt furnaces (RTC type LA-310) The industrial furnace for diffusion and heat treatment processes   The semiautomatic screen-printer   The four-point resistive probe   The measuring system for I-V solar cells characteristics  The measuring system for Spectral Response WCT-120 Wafer Lifetime Testing Instrument and Suns-Voc Stage from Sinton Consulting, Inc.

Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science in Cracow RESEARCH TECHNIQUES Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science in Cracow   Instron mechanical testing machines: (Instron 6025, 3382)   XRD Philips diffractometers: (Philips PW 1840 Bruker D8 Discover)   TEM Philips CM20 (200kW) with EDAX system HRTEM TECNAI G2 FEG20 (200kV) with EDAX system   SEM Philips XL30 with LINK ISIS EDX system and ESEM Philips with EBSD system for imaging orientation microscopy   Spectrometer Jobin Yvon Glow Discharge JY 10 000 RF   Full equipment for sample preparation including galium ion cutting (focus ion beam-FIB), jet electropolishing unit, GATAN ion beam thinner

Photovoltaic Laboratory in Kozy Infrared Furnace System LA-310 RTC for diffusion Infrared Furnace System LA-310 RTC for metallization

Photovoltaic Laboratory in Kozy POCl3 diffusion and thermal passivation Furnace System Semiautomatic screen-printer de Haart

Photovoltaic Laboratory in Kozy I-V solar cells characteristics system Four-point resistivity probe

Photovoltaic Laboratory in Kozy WCT-120 Wafer Lifetime Testing Instrument and Suns-Voc Stage from Sinton Consulting, Inc.

Photovoltaic Laboratory in Kozy Multicrystalline silicon solar cell 100 cm2 with SiNx antireflection coating

Texturization of mono- and multicrystalline Si wafers SEM micrograph of mono-Si wafer textured with a KOH solution. SEM micrograph of multi-Si wafer textured with acid solution.

Electrical Parameters Electrical parameters of solar cells 100 cm2 Isc (A) Voc (mV) FF (%) Eff mono-Si TiOx-ARC 3.20 600 76.0 16.0 multi-Si SiNx-ARC 3.00 75.0 14.0

M. Lipiński, P. Panek, Z. Świątek, E. Bełtowska, R M. Lipiński, P. Panek, Z. Świątek, E. Bełtowska, R. Ciach, Double porous silicon layer on multi-crystalline Si for photovoltaic application, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 72 (2002) 271-276. V.Y Yerokhov, M. Lipiński, R. Ciach, H. Nagel, A. Mylyanych, P. Panek, Cost-effective methods of texturing for silicon solar cells, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 72 (2002) 291-298. M. Lipiński, P. Panek, Z. Świątek, E. Bełtowska, R. Ciach, Double porous silicon layer on multi-crystalline Si for photovoltaic application, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 72 (2002) 271-276.  M. Lipiński, P. Panek, H. Czternastek, The Influence of Surface Modification on Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells, Molecular Physics Reports 36 (2002) 123-126. P. Panek, M. Lipiński, R. Ciach, K. Drabczyk, E. Bielańska, The Infrared Processing in Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Cells Low Cost Technology,Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 76 (2003) 529-534. P. Panek, M. Lipiński, R. Ciach, K. Drabczyk, E. Bielańska, The Infrared Processing in Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Cells Low Cost Technology, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 76 (2003) 529-534. K. Drabczyk, P. Panek, M. Lipiński, The Influence of Porous Silicon on Junction Formation in Silicon Solar Cells, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 76 (2003)545-551. M. Lipiński, S. Bastide, P. Panek, C. Levy-Clement, Porous Silicon Antireflection Coating by Electrochemical and Chemical Etching for Silicon Solar Cell manufacturing,Phys. Stat. Sol. (A) 197 (2003) 512-517. M. Lipiński, P.Panek, E. Bełtowska, H. Czternastek, Reduction of Surface reflectivity by Using Double porous Silicon Layers, Materials Science & Engineering B101, (2003) 297-299. P. Panek, M. Lipiński, E. Bełtowska-Lehman, K. Drabczyk, and R. Ciach, Industrial technology of multicrystalline silicon solar cells, Opto-electronics Review, 11(2003) 269-275. M. Lipiński, P. Panek, Optimisation of monocrystalline silicon solar cell, Industrial technology of multicrystalline silicon solar cells, Opto-electronics Review, 11(2003) 291-295. M. Lipiński, P. Zięba, S. Jonas, M. Sokołowski, H. Czternastek, Optimisation of SiNx: H layer for multicrystalline silicon solar cells, Opto-Electronics Review 12(1), (2004) 41- P. Panek, Effect of macroporous silicon layer on opto-electrical parametres of multicrystalline silicon solar cell, OPTO-ELECTRONICS REVIEW, 12(1) (2004) 45-48.

P. Panek, M. Lipiński and J. Dutkiewicz, Texturization of Multicrystalline Silicon By Wet Chemical Etching For Silicon Solar Cells, Journal of Materials Science, Journal of Materials Science 40 (2005)1459-1463. M. Lipiński, P. Zięba, A. Kamiński, Crystalline silicon solar cells in Foundation of Materials Design, 2006:285-308 ISBN:81-308-0093-4, Editors: K.J. Kurzydłowski, B. Major and P. Zięba, Research Signpost 37/661 (2), Fort P.O., Trivandrium-695 023, Kerala, India M. Lipiński, T. Piotrowski, P. Panek, J. Cichoszewski, Investigation of influence of gettering and passivation on lifetime distribution in mc-Si, 21st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Dresden Germany (2006) 1493-1496. M. Lipiński, A. Kamiński, J.-F. Lelievre, M. Lemiti, E. Foumond, J. Dupis, P. Zięba, Investigation of graded SiOxNy antireflection coatings, 21st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Dresden Germany (2006) 1289-1292. M. Lipiński, S. Kluska, H. Czternastek, P. Zięba, Graded SiOxNy layers antireflection coating or solar cells application, Materials Science 24, No.4, (2006) 1009-1016. M. Lipiński, P. Panek, S. Kluska, P. Zięba, A. Szyszka, B. Paszkiewicz, Defect passivation of multicrytsalline silicon solar cells by silicon nitride coatings, Materials Science, 24, no.4, (2006)1003-1007 M. Lipiński, A. Kamiński, J.-F. Lelievre, M.Lemiti, E. Foumond, P. Zięba, Investigation of graded index SiOxNy antireflection coating for silicon solar cell manufacturing, phys. stat. sol.4, No.4 (2007)1566-1569. J-F. Lelievre, H. Rodriguez, E.Fourmond, S.Quizola, M. Lipiński, D. Araujo, G. Bremond, M. Lemiti, Electro optical characterization for the control of silicon nanocrystals embedded in SiNx:H films, phys. stat. sol. 4, No.4, (2007) 1554-1559. M.Lipiński, A. Kamiński, J.-F. Lelievre, M.Lemiti, E. Foumond, P. Zięba, Investigation of graded index SiOxNy antireflection coating for silicon solar cell manufacturing, phys.stat.sol. © 4, No,4, (2007)1566-1569 W.Jung, T.Piotrowski, S.Sikorski, M. Lipiński, P. Panek, P. Zięba, Study of bulk photovoltaic effect and photovoltaic barrier effect distribution in multicrystalline silicon, phys.stat.sol. ©4, No.8, (2007), 2918-2922. M. Lipiński, P. Zięba, A. Kamiński, Crystalline silicon solar cells in Foundation of Materials Design, 2006:285-308 ISBN:81-308-0093-4, Editors: K.J. Kurzydłowski, B. Major and P. Zięba, Research Signpost 37/661 (2), Fort P.O., Trivandrium-695 023, Kerala, India.

M. Lipiński, R. Mroczyński, Optimisation of multilayers antireflectuion coating for solar cells, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, 53 (2008) 189-192. M. Lipiński, Macroporous texturing of multicrystalline silicon for solar cells, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, 53 (2008) 185-187.