Did solving the problem of Pain lead to developments in nineteenth surgery?

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Presentation transcript:

Did solving the problem of Pain lead to developments in nineteenth surgery?

Lesson Objectives To identify and explain how anaesthetics solved pain To evaluate the work and contribution of Simpson To explain why anaesthetics were oppsosed and evaluate their impact on 19th Century surgery To explain the reasons for the Black Period in Surgery

The pioneers of anaesthetics Humphry Davy, in 1799, in England, accidentally discovered that nitrous oxide (laughing gas) eased pain but kept a person conscious. *Crawford Long, in America, noticed that people breathing ether - which was sometimes used for fun at parties in the nineteenth century - did not suffer pain. In 1842 he was the first surgeon to use ether in an operation that took place at Jefferson, Georgia. But he did not publish a report on his discovery until 1849. Horace Wells, a dentist in the USA, used nitrous oxide in 1844-45 to extract a tooth. Ether had a longer lasting effect than nitrous oxide. Nitrous Oxide (Laughing Gas) which had limited use as some people were not affected by it Ether which had a stronger effect but was disliked by many because it was inflammable (could ignite/blow up) had a strong smell and irritated the lungs.

James Simpson found chloroform to be far better than other anaesthetics as it: Was easy to administer to patients Less was needed It took affect more quickly than ether. Was this a turning point in pain relief?

Why was there opposition to the use of anaesthetics? Surgeons The Army Why was there opposition to the use of anaesthetics? The Church Patients Green book p.105

Why was this lady important to developments in anaesthetics?

Does this help give you another clue?

The Queen comes to the rescue! The opposition you have just seen continued for 10 years until Queen Victoria used chloroform in giving birth to her child in 1857. After this chloroform quickly overtook the use of ether as an anaesthetic. Problems continued though as some patients never woke up after being given to much chloroform.

Did the use of Chloroform lead to progress? % Deaths following surgery Years

What was the Black Period in surgery? You might think that anesthetics were only positive in the development of surgery but you would be wrong! The term ‘the black period of surgery’ refers to the time in the nineteenth century when more people died as a result of infections. These had been caused by operations performed after anaesthetics which allowed the surgeons to operate more deeply inside the body. Surgeons became overconfident as patients felt no pain and tried to perform operations above the skill level of the time.

Modern Anaesthetics The photo opposite shows how anaesthetics are used in modern day surgery. The anesthetic is a mix of chemicals and TECHNOLOGY is at the centre of the job. The anesthetist is a skilled member of the surgical team who monitors heart beat, blood pressure, breathing and brain waves using the high tech instruments shown opposite. This ensures the patient is safe and pain is effectively removed.

What factors led to the development of anaesthetics?