1. Pioneers of Surgery: A Brutal Craft (Part I)
Key Notes

2. Important People to Note from Video
Pare (French surgeon used boiling oil on amputated limbs)
McDowell (1809-removed a 15 lb tumor on a women’s ovary w/no anaesthesia)
Humphrey Davy (nitrous oxide) called in “Laughing gas”
Morton (used ether & discovered how it eliminated pain)
Warren (1846-removed a cyst in the neck using ether)
Liston (hold the leg with one hand & amputate with the other)
Simpson (used chloroform for simple surgeries)
Scion (took advantage of ether & the longer time to operate)
Lister (1865-child’s broken leg, applied phenol, saved the leg)
Pasteur (sugg. use of carbolic on infected wounds)
Halsted (Sprayed carbolic while operating, began to use gloves)
Koch (bacteria from surgeon’s hands was transferred to patients and began the process of antisepsis -sugg. boiling instruments.
Lower (1600’s - 1st blood transfusion with lamb
Landsteiner (sep. blood groups-more successful transfusions)
Cushing (Brain tumors, electro-cautery, no talking)

3. Important People to Note from Video
Three Barriers:
Pain (anaesthetic agents)
Blood loss - Shock (sawdust, hot irons, clamps )
Infection (lognum, carbolic acid, phenol, boiling, autoclave, antibacterial gases, and soaking in chemicals)
Anaesthesia: (alcohol, hypnotism, Knock-out punch)
Ether
Chloroform
Nitrous Oxide
Other Notes:
Quickest was best (amputation record: 28 sec.)- Liston
Antisepsis (use of phenol, carbolic acid)
Asepsis (*setting up a sterile field)
1st blood transfusion: with an animal (lamb) – Lower (1600)
1st human blood transfusion (1818)
Shock (Stonewall Jackson’s symptoms: pale, gasping for air, etc.
Sodium citrate was used to prevent blood from clotting (transport)
Stalin (Russia) used corpses for blood transfusion