Appendicular Muscles

WHERE are the appendicular muscles? Pectoral girdle Upper limbs Pelvic girdle Lower limbs

Pectoral girdle muscles

Pectoral girdle – anterior muscles Subclavius Serratus anterior Pectoralis minor

Pectoral girdle – posterior muscles Trapezius Rhomboid major / rhomboid minor Levator scapulae

,Splenius Cervicis ,Levator Scapulae ,Masseter Scalene ,Digastric Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius

UPPER LIMB MUSCLES

ARM MUSCLES – aNTERIOR Coracobrachialis Adducts and flexes the shoulder Pectoralis major Largest chest muscle Flexes, adducts, and medially rotates the arm Deltoid Major abductor of the humerus Subscapularis Medially rotates the shoulder

STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID Subclavius CLAVICLE Subscapularis Deltoid Pectoralis minor Pectoralis major Coracobrachialis STERNUM Serratus Anterior Biceps brachii HUMERUS

ARM MUSCLES – POSTERIOR/lateral Latissimus Dorsi Large muscle wrapping the lower back Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm Supraspinatus Abducts the shoulder Infraspinatus Laterally rotates the humerus Teres Major/ Minor Extend, adduct, medially rotate the humerus

Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Supraspinatus Deltoid Teres Major Teres Minor Latissiumus Dorsi

Forearm muscles FLEXORS OF THE ELBOW PRONATION SYNERGISTS SUPINATOR Biceps Brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis PRONATION SYNERGISTS Pronator Teres Pronator Quadrus SUPINATOR ** DON’T NEED TO KNOW WHERE IT IS Deep to the brachioradialis muscle POSTERIOR MUSCLES TRICEPS BRACHII Anconeus

Brachailis Pronator Teres Brachioradialis Pronator Quadrus

Wrist / hand muscle EXTRINISIC – FOREAEM : FLEX/EXTEND WRIST & FINGERS FLEXORS – ORIGINATE ON MEDIAL EPICONDYLE OF HUMERUS EXTENSORS: ORIGINATE ON LATERAL EPICONDYLE OF HUMERUS INTRINSIC – HAND : FINE FINGER / THUMB MOVEMENTS

FLEXOR MUSCLES – ANTERIOR SIDE Flexor Retinaculum Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum superficialis Brachialiss Pronator Teress Brachioradialiss Flexor Carpi Radialis s Palmaris Longuss Flexor Carpi Ulnaris s Pronators Quadrus s Flexor Retinaculums

Extensor muscles – posterior side Anconeus Extensor Retinaculum Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Extensor Carpis Radialis Brevis Extensor Digitorum Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

HAND MUSCLES Eminences – masses of tissue at the base of the thumb & medial margin of hand Thenar – Acts of the thumb! Flexor Pollicis Brevis Abductor Pollicis Brevis Opponens Pollicis Adductor pollicis – opposes the opponens pollicis Hypothenar Eminence – Acts of the pinky! Opponens Digiti Minimi Flexor Digiti Minimi Abductor Digiti Minimi

Muscles of the thigh Articulations between the axial skeleton and pelvic girdles limit movement of the hips Muscles insert on the femur and cause movement at the ball-and- socket joint Four main groups: gluteal, lateral rotator, adductor, iliopsoas

Gluteal group Posterior muscles Origin: pelvic ileum Glueteus Maximus Gluteus Medius Gluteus Minimus - Gluteus medius and minimus abduct and medially rotate the thigh

Lateral Rotator Group Rotate the thigh laterally Obturator Internus Obturator Externus Piriformis Quadratus Femoris Superior Gemellus Inferior Gemellus - Piriformis abducts the thight

Gluteus Medius Gluteus Minimus Pirifomis Gluteus Maximus Obturator Internus Obturator Externus Inferior Gemellus Inferior / Superior gemellus are small rotatoers that originate on the ischial spine and insert on greater trochanter Quadratus Femoris

Iliopsoas GROUP Muscles work together (synergists) to flex the thigh Psoas Major Iliacus

Adductor GROUP Adductor group Pectineus Gracilis Adductor Magnus Adductor Longus Adductor Brevis Pectineus Gracilis Gracilis is the most superficial of the thigh adductors Because it passes over the hip and knee joints, it acts to adduct the medially rotate the thigh and flex the knee

MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE LEG Act on the knee joint (some also on hip) Flexors: posterior side Extensors: Anterior side

Flexors of the leg – posterior side Collectively called the “hamstrings” Common origin on the ischial tuberosity Because they cross the hip and knee joint, they also extend the thigh Biceps Femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus

EXTENSORS OF THE LEG – ANTERIOR SIDE Collectively called the “Quadriceps” or “quadriceps femoris” Converge on the paterllar tendon and insert on tibial tuberosity Rectus Femoris (largest muscle in the group) Vastus Medialis Vastus Lateralis Vastus Intermedius Saratorius (Longest muscle in the body) -Saratorius : flexor of the knee, and thigh, and lateral rotator of the thigh

Saratorius

MUSCLES OF THE foot & ankle Acting on Ankle - originate on the leg and insert on tarsal bones Lateral Fibularis Longus – plantarflexor Fibularis Brevis - plantarflexor Anterior Tibilais Anterior – Dorsiflexor Posterior – plantar Flexors Gastrocenmius Soleus Tibialis Posterior (deep muscle)

Tibialis Anterior

Tibialis Anterior Fibularis Longus Fibularis Brevis

Tibialis Posterior Gastrocnemius Soleus Fibularis

Muscles of the foot & ankle Act on the Toes Anterior - Extensors Extensor Hallucis Longus Extensor Digitorum Longus Posterior - Flexors Flexor Digitorum Longus Flexor Hallucis Longus

Tibialis Anterior Extensor Digitorum Longus Extensor Hallucis Longus

Tibialis Posterior Flexor Digitorum Longus Gastrocnemius Soleus Flexor Hallucis Longus Fibularis

Flexor Hallucis Brevis