Echoes of revolution: Nationalism What accounts for the growth of nationalism as a powerful political and personal identity in the nineteenth century? What is the difference between a “nation” and a “state”? What is “civic nationalism” What did nationalism inspire each of the following groups to do? Germans and Italians Greeks and Serbs Czechs and Hungarians Poles and Ukrainians European Jews

Europe’s modern transformation facilitated nationalism, as older identities and loyalties eroded Science weakened the hold of religion on some Migration to industrial cities diminished allegiance to local communities Printing and the publishing industry standardized a variety of dialects into a smaller number of European languages The idea of the “nation” was constructed but it was presented as a reawakening of older linguistic or cultural identities Nationalism proved to be a flexible and powerful idea in the nineteenth-century Atlantic world and beyond

Nationalism inspired the political unification of Germany under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck and the Prussian state and the unification of Italy under the leadership of Count Camillo di Cavour, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Giuseppe Garibaldi by 1871. It encouraged Greeks and Serbs to assert their independence from the Ottoman Empire. Czechs and Hungarians demanded more autonomy within the Austrian Empire. Poles and Ukrainians became more aware of their oppression within the Russian Empire and the Irish became to seek “home rule” and separation from Great Britain.

By the end of the nineteenth century, a small Zionist movement, seeking a homeland in Palestine, had emerged among Europe’s frequently persecuted Jews Popular nationalism made the normal rivalry among European states more acute and fueled a competitive drive for colonies in Asia and Africa Governments throughout the Western world claimed to act on behalf of nations and deliberately sought to instill national loyalties in their citizens through schools, mass media, and military service Russian authorities imposed the use of the Russian language, even in parts of the country where it was not widely spoken

But the Russians only succeeded in producing a greater awareness of Ukrainian, Polish, and Finnish nationalism. In some countries, a “civic nationalism” developed. It identified the nation as existing within a particular territory and maintained that people of various cultural backgrounds could assimilate into the dominant culture. Whereas other versions of nationalism, in Germany for example, sometimes defined the nation in racial terms, which excluded those who did not share a common ancestry, such as Jews. In the hands of conservatives, nationalism could be used to combat socialism and feminism, for those movements only divided the nation.

Nationalism was not limited to the Euro- American world in the nineteenth century An “Egypt for Egyptians” movement arose in the 1870s as British and French intervention in Egyptian affairs deepened Small groups of Western-educated men in British-ruled India began to think of their diverse country as a single nation The Indian National Congress, established in 1885, gave expression to this idea The idea of the Ottoman Empire as a Turkish national state rather than a Muslim or dynastic empire took hold among a few people Although Egyptian and Japanese nationalism gained broad support, elsewhere it would have to wait until the twentieth century

Echoes of revolution: Nationalism What accounts for the growth of nationalism as a powerful political and personal identity in the nineteenth century? What is the difference between a “nation” and a “state”? What is “civic nationalism”-explain in your own words What did nationalism inspire each of the following groups to do? Germans and Italians Greeks and Serbs Czechs and Hungarians Poles and Ukrainians European Jews