This struggle quickly became known as the COLD WAR. Origins of the Cold War EASTERN BLOC WESTERN BLOC United States supported by Western democracies and noncommunist nations. Soviet Union and its allies of communist Countries.

Political Cartoon Origins of the Cold War

Two sides were very different… Origins of the Cold War Two sides were very different… Completely different economic and political systems Each side believed that its system should be the model for European reconstruction. Each side was concerned about future security. CCCP is the Russian abbreviation for USSR

The “Iron Curtain” Origins of the Cold War In a March 5, 1946 speech in Fulton, Missouri -Winston Churchill said that “…an ‘iron curtain’ has descended across the Continent …” …became a short-hand reference to the division of Europe as the Cold War strengthened. The Iron Curtain served to keep people in and information out of communist controlled countries.

Political Cartoon Origins of the Cold War

The USA after World War II The end of WWII in 1945, marked a turning point in U.S. history by taking an active role in world affairs The USA became a leader in the United Nations & World Bank The U.S. occupied & helped rebuild Japan after the war The U.S. helped found Israel as a Jewish nation in the Middle East

United Nations Member Nations United Nations Headquarters is in New York City

The Cold War The most important change in U.S. foreign policy after WWII was the beginning of the Cold War The Cold War was an era of distrust & hostility between the USA & USSR from 1945-1991 It was an era of competing ideologies: The USA promoted democracy & capitalism while the USSR tried to spread communism

Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks in the Russian Revolution in 1917 Causes of the Cold War During WWII, the USA & USSR worked together to defeat the Axis Powers, but....... In the 1920s, Americans feared the spread of Communism during the “Red Scare” The USA sent troops to fight the “Red Army” during the Russian Civil War After Lenin’s death in 1924, Joseph Stalin became dictator of the USSR & started his Five Year Plans Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks in the Russian Revolution in 1917

Causes of the Cold War WWII increased hostilities between the USA & the USSR: The U.S. & USSR emerged from the war as rival superpowers The development of the atomic bomb gave the USA a monopoly on nuclear weapons

WWII increased hostilities between USA & USSR But Stalin never did; By the time of the Potsdam Conference, Stalin began extending his control over Eastern Europe At the Yalta Conference, Stalin agreed to allow self-determination in Eastern Europe Stalin refused to remove his military or allow free election in Eastern Europe As a result, Eastern European nations turned to Communism & became Soviet satellites—nations influenced by the USSR (the “Eastern bloc”)

At the end of the war, Germany was divided into a zone occupied by the USSR (which became East Germany) & a zone occupied by the USA, Britain, & France (West Germany)

Capitalism & Democracy The Iron Curtain Capitalism & Democracy Communism & Totalitarianism The USA began to view Stalin in the 1940s as a new Hitler—a dangerous dictator who wanted to take over the world

United States aids Europe… Origins of the Cold War United States aids Europe… Civil war broke out in Greece in 1944 between communists and conservatives. GB had intervened and declared a truce. In 1946 the communists renewed the war. In February 1947, the British told Truman they could no longer afford to keep their soldiers in Greece.

In 1947, the U.S. began a policy of Containment to stop the spread of Communism by the USSR When the USSR began pressuring Greece & Turkey to turn communist, the USA created the Truman Doctrine: U.S. economic & military aid to any country threatened by communism “A long-term, patient but firm, and vigilant containment of Russian expansionist policies… will eventually force the USSR to live in peace with the West” —Secretary of State, George Marshall The Truman Doctrine worked & neither Greece nor Turkey fell to communism

Truman Doctrine Origins of the Cold War Declared the US must consider the continued spread of communism to be a threat to democracy The US would support free peoples resisted takeover by communism Asked Congress to provide $400 million to help defend Greece and Turkey from communist aggression

Origins of the Cold War Visual Source This illustration from the July 16, 1948, U.S. News magazine shows the beginnings of American containment policy. The U.S. is seen sending troops, advisors and weapons to Turkey in hopes that the country will resist communism and remain democratic.

CONTAINMENT Origins of the Cold War We would NOT stamp out communism where it already existed. But if a country requested assistance to prevent a communist takeover, We would offer materials, money, and technical assistance. The United States committed itself to restrict or contain the spread of communism. CONTAINMENT

By 1952, Western Europe recovered & Communism never took root In 1947, the U.S. began a policy of Containment to stop the spread of Communism by the USSR European nations had difficulty recovering after WWII which led to fears of communism in Europe The U.S. created the Marshall Plan: offered $13 billion to help rebuild post-war Europe By 1952, Western Europe recovered & Communism never took root

Marshall Plan to Aid Europe 1948-1952

Marshall Plan Origins of the Cold War On June 5, 1947, Secretary of State George Marshall announced the European Recovery Program. To avoid antagonizing the Soviet Union, Marshall announced that the purpose of sending aid to Western Europe was completely humanitarian, and even offered aid to the communist states in the east. … created an economic miracle in Western Europe. By the target date of the program four years later, Western European industries were producing twice as much as they had been the year before war broke out.

The Cold War In Europe How did the Soviets react to the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan? American capitalist plot to dominate Europe What was their response? Formation of the Communist Information Bureau (Cominform) Tightened its grip on Eastern Europe

In 1947, the U.S. began a policy of Containment to stop the spread of Communism by the USSR In 1948, the USSR used military force to turn Czechoslovakia to communism; This led to fears that Stalin would use similar tactics in Western Europe In 1949, the USA formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): a military alliance among democratic countries (also result of Berlin Blockade)

NATO was one of many alliances the USA would form with democratic nations over the course of the Cold War NATO Communist Bloc

The Berlin Blockade In 1948, the USSR responded to Containment by cutting off all traffic to Berlin in East Germany The USA began the Berlin Airlift to bring food, fuel, & supplies to keep West Berlin from turning to Communism The standoff lasted 2 weeks until Stalin lifted the blockade First conflict of the Cold War

To limit the expansion of the Soviet Union. The main purpose of the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and the Berlin Airlift were? To limit the expansion of the Soviet Union. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vdXLkWUjrU&nohtml5=False

Reorganizing the Government The new air force was the preferred military agency of the Cold War because airplanes could drop nuclear bombs if needed By 1947, the U.S. gov’t created 3 new agencies during the Cold War Dept of Defense to direct the Army & Navy; The military created the Air Force Central Intelligence Agency to collect & manage information among all gov’t agencies Nat’l Security Council to advise the president on nat’l security

The Cold War Expands

The Soviets responded with their own hydrogen bomb in 1953 The Nuclear Arms Race The Soviet atomic bomb motivated the USA to regain its nuclear advantage; In 1952, the U.S. tested the 1st hydrogen bomb (1,000 times more powerful than the a-bomb) The U.S. monopoly on nuclear weapons technology ended in 1949 when the USSR successfully tested their own atomic bomb The Soviets responded with their own hydrogen bomb in 1953

The Cold War in Asia Containment stopped communism in Europe, but by the late 1940s the Cold War spread to Asia: Since the 1930s, Communist Mao Zedong fought democratic leaders for control of China In 1949, Mao gained control & turned China to communism Americans blamed President Truman for “losing China” Truman “lost” China after a

Based upon this chart, why were Mao & the Communists so popular among the Chinese people?

The Cold War in Asia America’s response to the fall of China was to more aggressively confront Communism in the world The U.S. expanded the military & stockpiled nuclear weapons The USA feared that China would influence its neighbors to turn communist (“domino theory”) In 1950, the U.S. fought the Korean War to stop communism

In 1950, North Korea crossed the 38° & attacked South Korea The USA led a United Nations intervention to stop North Korea But, when the USA pushed too close to China, the Chinese Army entered the war & helped North Korea By 1953, a ceasefire stopped the fighting & the 38° was restored as the boundary between North & South Koreas After WWII, Korea was divided along the 38° with Communists in the North & democracy in the South

The USA stopped the spread of Communism into South Korea, but in 1954, Communist Ho Chi Minh began a war to gain independence for Vietnam

Conclusions After World War II, U.S. foreign policy changed: The U.S. became a superpower that actively intervened in world affairs The Cold War increased military spending, nuclear weapons, & fears of a war with the USSR President Truman successfully “contained” Communism in Europe but seemed to fail in Asia