Grab your spirals Review notes from last time to prepare for QUIZ 11 Half Sheet of paper!

1) Who did the Kings tax to help fund an army and stronger nation 1) Who did the Kings tax to help fund an army and stronger nation? 2) What war did the English and French fight from 1337-1453? 3) Name the two major ways the Church lost some of its influence and power during the Middle Ages 4) Define the Renaissance (2 sentences at least) 5) What achievement from China made cannons possible?

What do you think the “ideal man” of the Dark Ages was like What do you think the “ideal man” of the Dark Ages was like? The Renaissance? And Now? What do you think the “ideal woman” of the Dark Ages was like? The Renaissance? And Now?

What was expected of men & women in the Renaissance? The “ideal man” was well educated, smart, could dance, write poetry, & play music; (called a “Renaissance Man”) The “ideal woman” should have the same qualities as men but should not seek fame or political power (Renaissance women were better educated but had fewer rights than medieval women)

https://youtu.be/UN-II_jBzzo venice & ottmans https://youtu.be/Vufba_ZcoR0 The renaissance

The Protestant Reformation More changes to the Christian Church

During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church was the dominant religion in Western Europe Without a common government in Europe, the Catholic Pope became an important political leader Medieval Christians’ everyday lives were harsh. Still, they could all follow the same path to salvation—everlasting life in heaven. Priests and other clergy administered the sacraments, or important religious ceremonies. These rites paved the way for achieving salvation. For example, through the sacrament of baptism, people became part of the Christian community. At the local level, the village church was a unifying force in the lives of most people. It served as a religious and social center. People worshiped together at the church. They also met with other villagers. Religious holidays, especially Christmas and Easter, were occasions for festive celebrations. On the manor, priests were powerful because the controlled peoples’ access to heaven by delivering the sacraments & absolving sins

Basis of beliefs are the 7 Holy Sacraments: The Catholic Church taught that people could gain access to heaven (called salvation) by having faith in God & doing good works for others Basis of beliefs are the 7 Holy Sacraments: Baptism, Communion, Confession, Confirmation, Marriage, Ordination of Priests, Last Rites for the Dying By participating in each sacrament, gain more of God’s grace

Practices of the Catholic Church The church taught that Christians could gain more of God’s grace through a series of spiritual rituals called the Holy Sacraments Sacraments included Baptism, Confirmation, Communion, Confession, Marriage, Ordination of Priests, Last Rites for the Dying Basis of beliefs are the 7 Holy Sacraments: Baptism, Communion, Confession, Confirmation, Marriage, Ordination of Priests, Last Rites for the Dying By participating in each sacrament, gain more of God’s grace

But, the church was also growing corrupt Clergy members took vows of chastity to abstain from sex…but some church leaders fathered children Priests were required to go through rigorous training in a monastery…but some church positions were sold to the highest bidder called simony Sometimes, feudal lords would use their influence to have friends or children named as priests, called lay investiture As a result, some clergy members were poorly educated

These practices went unquestioned during the Middle Ages One of the most corrupt church practices was the selling of indulgences Indulges began as a way for people to repent for their sins through good works But rather than requiring good deeds, church leaders began selling indulgence certificates as a way of raising money These practices went unquestioned during the Middle Ages

By the time of the Renaissance, some Christians began criticizing church corruption & questioned Catholic teachings Christian humanists believed that they could help reform the Catholic Church

In the 1300s, Reformers like John Wycliffe & priest Jan Hus attacked corruption like indulges, said that the Bible (not the Pope) was the ultimate authority on Christianity, & wanted church teachings in the vernacular (local language) not Latin

Title Catholic leaders responded to these criticisms by executing Wycliffe & Hus Text

In 1509, Christian humanist Erasmus published Praise of Folly which called for an end of corruption

As a result of Johann Gutenberg’s invention of the moveable-type printing press in 1453, Erasmus’ book spread throughout Europe & increased calls for church reform

The Protestant Reformation By the early 1500s, the Catholic Church was in turmoil over the controversy of corruption & its unwillingness to adopt reforms In Germany, a Catholic monk named Martin Luther became involved in a serious dispute with the Catholic Church

Protestant Reformation Martin Luther’s break from the Catholic Church began the Protestant Reformation & inspired a series of new Christian denominations Protestant Reformation Protest Reform During the Protestant Reformation, reformers protested church corruptions & practices in hopes of reforming Christianity

Martin Luther As a young boy in Germany, Luther was going to become a lawyer, but after he nearly died in a thunderstorm he vowed to become a Catholic priest

Martin Luther After studying the Bible as a monk, Martin Luther became a priest & scholar During his studies of the Bible, Luther became convinced that salvation could not be achieved by good works & sacraments Instead, Luther was inspired by St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans: “A person can be made good by having faith in God’s mercy”

Martin Luther Martin Luther believed that salvation was gained though having faith in God; He called this idea Justification by Faith Martin Luther was also deeply troubled by the church’s selling of indulgences, which he saw as false salvation

In 1517, Martin Luther wrote a list of arguments against church practices called the “Ninety-Five Theses” He posted the Ninety-Five Theses on the church door in the town of Wittenberg & welcomed debate of his ideas

But the Catholic Church condemned Luther & rejected his ideas The “Ninety-Five Theses” spread quickly through Europe causing an incredible controversy Many people, especially in Northern Europe, were excited about his ideas But the Catholic Church condemned Luther & rejected his ideas

The Church demanded that Luther take back his teachings In 1521, Luther was called before the Diet of Worms, a meeting of church & political leaders The Church demanded that Luther take back his teachings Luther refused, argued that the Bible was the only source of religious authority, & encouraged Christians to study the Bible for themselves At the Diet of Worms, Martin Luther was excommunicated from the Catholic Church

Martin Luther’s stand against the Catholic Church led to the formation of a new Christian denomination known as Lutheranism Lutheranism was the first of a series of “Protestant” Christian faiths that broke from the Catholic Church

How did the Catholic Church respond?

Jesuits formed schools to better educate Catholic priests One of the first reformers in the Catholic Church was Ignatius of Loyola who formed the Society of Jesus in 1540 Members of the Society of Jesus were called Jesuits & focused on three goals: Jesuits formed schools to better educate Catholic priests Jesuits tried to stop the spread of Protestantism For the next 18 years, Ignatius gathered followers. In 1540, the pope created a religious order for his followers called the Society of Jesus. Members were called Jesuits (JEHZH•u•ihts). The Jesuits focused on three activities. First, they founded superb schools throughout Europe. Jesuit teachers were well-trained in both classical studies and theology. The Jesuits’ second mission was to convert non-Christians to Catholicism. So, they sent out missionaries around the world. Their third goal was to stop the spread of Protestantism. The zeal of the Jesuits overcame the drift toward Protestantism in Poland and southern Germany. Jesuits sent missionaries around the world to convert non-Christians to Catholicism

The Catholic Church stopped selling false indulgences In 1545, Pope Paul III created a committee of Catholic leaders to review church practices, known as the Council of Trent The nineteenth ecumenical council opened at Trent on 13 December, 1545, and closed there on 4 December, 1563. Its main object was the definitive determination of the doctrines of the Church in answer to the heresies of the Protestants; a further object was the execution of a thorough reform of the inner life of the Church by removing the numerous abuses that had developed in it. Two popes took the lead in reforming the Catholic Church. Paul III, pope from 1534 to 1549, took four important steps. First, he directed a council of cardinals to investigate indulgence selling and other abuses in the Church. Second, he approved the Jesuit order. Third, he used the Inquisition to seek out heresy in papal territory. Fourth, and most important, he called a council of Church leaders to meet in Trent, in northern Italy. From 1545 to 1563, at the Council of Trent, Catholic bishops and cardinals agreed on several doctrines: • The Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final. Any Christian who substituted his or her own interpretation was a heretic. • Christians needed faith and good works for salvation. They were not saved by faith alone, as Luther argued. • The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life. • Indulgences were valid expressions of faith. But the false selling of indulgences was banned. The next pope, Paul IV, vigorously carried out the council’s decrees. In 1559, he had officials draw up a list of books considered dangerous to the Catholic faith. This list was known as the Index of Forbidden Books. Catholic bishops throughout Europe were ordered to gather up the offensive books (including Protestant Bibles) and burn them in bonfires. In Venice alone, followers burned 10,000 books in one day. The Catholic Church stopped selling false indulgences Over the next 18 years, the Council of Trent made a series of reforms New schools were created to educate priests

Salvation is gained through faith in God & good works The Council of Trent also reaffirmed several core Catholic beliefs & practices Salvation is gained through faith in God & good works All seven Holy Sacraments are legitimate means to gain God’s grace Two popes took the lead in reforming the Catholic Church. Paul III, pope from 1534 to 1549, took four important steps. First, he directed a council of cardinals to investigate indulgence selling and other abuses in the Church. Second, he approved the Jesuit order. Third, he used the Inquisition to seek out heresy in papal territory. Fourth, and most important, he called a council of Church leaders to meet in Trent, in northern Italy. From 1545 to 1563, at the Council of Trent, Catholic bishops and cardinals agreed on several doctrines: • The Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final. Any Christian who substituted his or her own interpretation was a heretic. • Christians needed faith and good works for salvation. They were not saved by faith alone, as Luther argued. • The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life. • Indulgences were valid expressions of faith. But the false selling of indulgences was banned. The next pope, Paul IV, vigorously carried out the council’s decrees. In 1559, he had officials draw up a list of books considered dangerous to the Catholic faith. This list was known as the Index of Forbidden Books. Catholic bishops throughout Europe were ordered to gather up the offensive books (including Protestant Bibles) and burn them in bonfires. In Venice alone, followers burned 10,000 books in one day. The Church’s interpretation of the Bible is final & all others who interpret the Bible are heretics (non-believers)

The Church banned & burned all offensive books, including Protestant bibles

The Impact of the Reformation The Protestant Reformation left Europe religiously divided Numerous religious wars were fought between Catholics & Protestants The weakened authority of the Pope helped kings gain power & form nations Religious and Social Effects of the Reformation Despite religious wars and persecutions, Protestant churches flourished and new denominations developed. The Roman Catholic Church itself became more unified as a result of the reforms started at the Council of Trent. Both Catholics and Protestants gave more emphasis to the role of education in promoting their beliefs. This led to the founding of parish schools and new colleges and universities throughout Europe. Some women reformers had hoped to see the status of women in the church and society improve as a result of the Reformation. But it remained much the same both under Protestantism and Roman Catholicism. Women were still mainly limited to the concerns of home and family. Political Effects of the Reformation As the Catholic Church’s moral and political authority declined, individual monarchs and states gained power. This led to the development of modern nation-states. In the 1600s, rulers of nation-states would seek more power for themselves and their countries through warfare, exploration, and expansion. The Reformation’s questioning of beliefs and authority also laid the groundwork for the Enlightenment. As you will read in Chapter 22, this intellectual movement would sweep Europe in the late 18th century. It led some to reject all religions and others to call for the overthrow of existing governments. Missionaries converted non-Christians throughout the world The Reformation encouraged education & the questioning of long-held beliefs

Niccolo Machiavelli wrote The Prince – handbook for princes on ruling supported absolute power end justifies the means try to do good, evil if needed

Leonardo da Vinci artist, scientist, inventor painted Mona Lisa and The Last Supper “Renaissance man”

Mona Lisa Why is this painting so famous?

The Last Supper

The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498 vertical horizontal Perspective!

Michelangelo artist – painter and sculptor painted ceiling of the Sistine Chapel sculpted David

Sistine Chapel

Sistine Chapel 1508-1512 Fresco Last Judgment back wall 1536-1541

David

Petrarch poet and scholar love sonnets inspired poetry in Romeo and Juliet humanist writings

The School of Athens – Raphael, 1510 -11 Da Vinci Raphael Michelangelo

Raphael Painter 1483-1520