NET 3710 PCM.

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Presentation transcript:

NET 3710 PCM

Analog to Digital Conversion… Voice sessions in analog format Process to digitize analog signals is PCM 1938 Alec Reeves – England 1960s PCM becomes feasible Why digital?

Digital Multiplex: How It’s Done....

T-Carrier Basic foundation for digital circuits Bell system development Circuit runs on twisted-pair copper cable 4 wires (2 pair – 1 Tx, 1 Rx)

5 Steps in PCM process Sampling Quantizing Encoding Companding Framing

Sample the Voice 8,000 Times Per Second

Encode the Sample as an 8-bit Word (Quantizing/Encoding)

Companding Decoder expands the encoded signal back to its original form. This is Companding. u law – U.S. standard 14 bit conversion to 8 bit compression A law – European standard 13 bit conversion to 8 bits

Combine 24 Voice Channels.... Framing….. T-1 Line Multiplexer Multiplexer T-1 Framing = 24 time slots x 8 bits = 192 bits 1 Framing bit per frame = 193 total bits per frame 193 bit frame repeats 8000 times per second

The Arithmetic of T-1 8,000 Samples/Sec x 8 Bits/Sample = 64,000 Bits/Second x 24 Channels/T-1 = 1,536,000 Bits/Second + 8,000 Framing Bits/Second = 1.544 Megabits/Second

Digital Multiplex Using Time Division DS-0: 1 Channel, 64 Kb/s DS-1: 24 Channels, 1.544 Mb/s DS-2: 96 Channels, 6.3 Mb/s DS-3: 672 Channels, 45 Mb/s

T-1 Components.... Channel Bank/T-1 Mux. Channel Service Unit T-1 Line Repeaters DSX-1 jack panel RJ-48 Jack – pins 1,2 Rx; 4,5 Tx

Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)

Why SONET? DS Hierarchy is Limited Self-Healing Fiber Ring is Supported Add/Drop Capability is Enhanced Interoperability Among Vendors Seamless Interface Between Public and Private Networks Merges North American and European Systems

SONET/SDH SONET used in U.S. and Canada SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) used by rest of world

SONET/SDH Hierarchy

SONET Line Rates SONET/SDH Circuit Line Rate in MB DS-1 Capacity OC-3/STS-3/STM-1 155.520 84 OC-12/STS-12/STM-4 622.080 336 OC-48/STS-48/STM-16 2,488.320 1,344 OC-192/STS-192/STM-64 9,9953.280 5,376 OC-768/STS-768/STM-256 39,813.120 21,504

SONET Levels 4 levels Photonic – light, lasers, LEDs Section – Regenerator to Regenerator Line – ADM to ADM (maintenance span) Path – End to end circuit

SONET Architecture SONET ring Spur or collapsed ring UPSR (unidirectional path switched ring) Redundant copies of signal, working and protect Collector or edge rings BLSR (bidirectional line switched ring) Uses only capacity between nodes, share protection wavelengths Core rings DACS (Digital Access Cross-connect System)