The Global Soil Spectral Library (GSSL) : Importance and Activity Prepared by Prof. Eyal Ben Dor The Remote Sensing Laboratory, Tel Aviv University bendor@post.tau.ac.il Presented by Stephane Chevrel PoC CA-06 chevrel@chevrel.eu stephane.chevrel@minpol.com 1 CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

Definition: Soil and Soil spectroscopy, Soil spectral library PRESENTATION OUTLINE Definition: Soil and Soil spectroscopy, Soil spectral library Soil Spectra: Prediction attributes, Utilization Soil Spectral Library: Importance Global Soil Spectral Library (GSSL) – Evaluation Global Soil Spectral Library (GSSL) – Examples Global Soil Spectral Library (GSSL) – Problems Global Soil Spectral Library (GSSL) – Solutions CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

A medium for plants to grow SOIL A medium for plants to grow The upper layer of the earth (  0-2m) represent its loose surface material which is dug, plowed and being a medium for plants to grow. (Thompson 1957) CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

SOIL is a complex system characterized by chemical and physical attributes that plays a critical role in the food production for the entire mankind Soil composed of : clay and clay minerals silt sand organic matter Carbonates Minerals iron oxides water particles air Cations Anions Flora Fauna Return Impact CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

SOIL SPECTROSCOPY The soil matter interacts with the reflectance/emittance part of the electromagnetic radiation across the VIS-NIR-SWIR-TIR spectral region range (0.35-14mm). This interaction can be measured using appropriate spectrometers, including handheld CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

An effective way to simplify the complexity of the soil system A typical Soil Reflectance Spectrum An effective way to simplify the complexity of the soil system Iron Oxides Hygroscopic Water Clays Organic Matter Calcite 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Wavelength (mm) = The reflectance spectrum is the soil “fingerprint” Reflectance spectra can characterize the chemical, physical and mineralogical composition of soils A chromophore is the part of a molecule responsible for its color Chromophore = An attribute that interact with the electromagnetic radiation CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

Soil Spectral Library Soil samples at storage, with wet chemistry data plus reflectance spectra measured under a well accepted protocol process Soil Attributes Soil Spectra Files Sample Location OM Clay Lime…. A1 34,5467.67 2.4 % 34% 23.4% 36,654,32 CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

Examples of some of the soil attributes that can be extracted from spectral library (1) CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

Examples of some of the soil attributes that can be extracted from spectral library (2) CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

Importance of soil spectroscopy Number of papers published in soil spectroscopy over the years : Point and Image domains 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Point Spectroscopy Image Spectroscopy Number of papers and Patents Year CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

Private Sector has just discovered the importance of Soil Spectral Library 2016 Rapid (and massive) analyses of soil samples without the need for “wet” laboratories CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management spectra can be recorded at points or by imaging, from different platforms; by proximal sensing in the field, in the laboratory using sampled material, or from remote sensing platforms with multi- and hyperspectral capabilities Provided by Viscarra Rossel CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

Soil Spectroscopy is a way to integrate the complex interactions between several soil attributes in one figure The endmembers in a given soil spectrum are all chromophores with a physical and chemical basis Spectral data mining of a given SSL can provide information (“model”) about several endmembers (attributes) rapidly even if they are non linear Soil data mining of a “model” requires hundreds of spectra samples in order to provide reliable results These make the (big ) soil spectral data important for many application and support the idea of the Global Soil Spectral Library (GSSL) CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

In 2006 Raphael Viscarra Rossel (CSIRO) understood the GSSL importance and initiated an activity toward establishing the first GSSL provided by Viscarra Rossel CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

Global Soil VNIR-SWIR Spectra In 2015 Viscarra Rossel effort yield the first GSSL Global Soil VNIR-SWIR Spectra Some 20,000 VNIR-SWIR reflectance spectra from 12,509 sites in 92 countries over the 7 continents 45 collaborators from 35 institutions collaborate to the global database provided by Viscarra Rossel CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

Attributes Continent Position Description provided by Viscarra Rossel FAO WRB = World Reference Base major soil groups provided by Viscarra Rossel CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

Authors: Those who contribute to GSSL established by Viscarra Rossel R.A. Viscarra Rossel et al. / Earth-Science Reviews 155 (2016) 198–230 CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

Soil Inventory in the GSSL Viscarra Rossel 2015 CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

Spectral Based Unsupervised classification of World soil from the GSSL: Example Class 1: smectitic Class 2: kaolinitic Class 3: hematitic Class 4: goethitic Class 5: organic Class 6: illitic Viscarra Rossel 2015 CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

Chemometric (non linear spectral data mining) from the GSSL: Example Quantitative information can be extracted from SSL A spectral based model is empirically generated from the multiple relationship between the spectra and the wet chemistry data The "predictors“ are the predicted soil attributes after generated the "global model" for each attribute  based on the GSSL data It shows that there is more organic C in the soil of cooler and wetter environments towards the highest latitudes, except in Antarctica. The soil near the equator and that which occurs at mid-latitudes in either hemisphere, where most agriculture occurs also has more organic C. (a) (e) Soil in the arid regions of southern United States, in Europe and Australia have more CaCO3. Viscarra Rossel 2015 CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

Example: The LUCAS spectral library More SSLs are being generated since the first GSSL has established BUT not (yet) merge with the GSSL Example: The LUCAS spectral library 2011 Current status: 23 European countries ~20,000 high quality spectral readings Metadata: Clay, silt, sand, OC, pH, CEC, CaCO3, Geographical coordinates, land use, etc CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

Soil Spectral Library : The problems As SSL can be used quantitatively – protocol and QA –QI must be used in order to merge SSLs from varieties of sources New players are entering the SS field without a concrete background As SSLs hold a commercial value – a way to share data must be agreed by all data contributors in order to ensure future enlargement of the GSSL Quality assessment and quality improvement CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

Solution for problem 1 The Internal Soil Standard Lucky Bay Wylie Bay The Internal Soil Standard CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

Solution for problem 2 A simple protocol has established for new users Since 2014 CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

Solution for Problem 3 Following the EUFAR EWG meeting in October 2016 a document that will align all the IP issues in a way that all will be able to contribute to the GSSL and benefit from it without violating IP. CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016

The Global Soil Spectroscopy Library Summary Reflectance spectroscopy (RS) of soils is an important property for Food Security issues world wide. Spectral libraries are generated under regional, national, continental and global scales. The GSSL initiative paves the road to accumulate libraries from all scales and all resources Standard and protocols as well as a shared agreement document in order to ensure better GSSL management is under a formulating stage The GSSL is an important voluntary project that requires better recognition by international organization such as the UN and GEO 26 CA-06 Energy and Mineral Resources Management GEO-XIII Plenary St. Petersburg 8 November 2016