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Introduction Objectives Chapter 1 Upon completion you will be able to: Understand how the Internet came into being Understand the meaning of the terms protocol and standard Understand the various organizations involved in the standards Understand the different levels of Internet service providers Understand the groups involved in Internet administration TCP/IP Protocol Suite

1.1 A Brief History A network is a group of connected, communicating devices. An internet is two or more networks that can communicate with each other. The most notable internet is called the Internet. Millions of people are users. Yet this extraordinary communication system only came into being in 1969. The topics discussed in this section include: ARPANET Birth of the Internet Transmission Control Protocol / Internetworking Protocol MILNET CSNET, NSFNET & ANSNET The Internet Today Time Line Growth of the Internet TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Figure 1.1 Internet today TCP/IP Protocol Suite

1.2 Protocols and Standards In this section, we define two widely used terms: protocols and standards. First, we define protocol, which is synonymous with “rule.” Then we discuss standards, which are agreed-upon rules. The topics discussed in this section include: Protocols Standards TCP/IP Protocol Suite

1.3 Standards Organizations Standards are developed through the cooperation of standards creation committees, forums, and government regulatory agencies. The topics discussed in this section include: Standards Creation Committees Forums Regulatory Agencies TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Note: The websites for the standardization organizations are given in Appendix F. TCP/IP Protocol Suite

1.4 Internet Standards An Internet standard is a thoroughly tested specification. There is a strict procedure by which a specification attains Internet standard status. A specification begins as an Internet draft, working document with no official status and a six-month lifetime. A draft may be published as a Request for Comment (RFC). The topics discussed in this section include: Maturity Levels Requirement Levels TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Figure 1.2 Maturity levels of an RFC TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Figure 1.3 Requirement levels of an RFC TCP/IP Protocol Suite

RFCs can be found at www.faqs.org/rfcs Note: RFCs can be found at www.faqs.org/rfcs TCP/IP Protocol Suite

1.5 Internet Administration The Internet has evolved and gained a broader user base with significant commercial activity. Various groups that coordinate Internet issues have guided this growth and development. The topics discussed in this section include: Internet Society (ISOC) Internet Architecture Board (IAB) Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Names and Numbers (ICANN) Network Information Center (NIC) TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Figure 1.4 Internet administration TCP/IP Protocol Suite