1. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 1 Chapter 1 Objectives Upon completion you will be able to: Introduction Understand the history of the Internet Understand the meaning of the terms protocol and standard Understand the various organizations involved in the standards Understand the different levels of Internet service providers Understand the groups involved in Internet administration

2. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 2 1.1 A Brief History A network is a group of connected, communicating devices. An internet is two or more networks that can communicate with each other. The most notable internet is called the Internet. Millions of people are users. Yet this extraordinary communication system only came into being in 1969. The topics discussed in this section include: ARPANET Birth of the Internet Transmission Control Protocol / Internetworking Protocol MILNET CSNET, NSFNET & ANSNET The Internet Today Time Line Growth of the Internet

3. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 3 Figure 1.1 Internet today NAP = Network Access Point

4. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 4 1.2 Protocols and Standards In this section, we define two widely used terms: protocols and standards. First, we define protocol, which is synonymous with “rule.” Then we discuss standards, which are agreed-upon rules. The topics discussed in this section include: Protocols A protocol is a set of rules that governs data communication. Key elements of protocol: 1.Syntax 2.Semantic 3.Timing: When to send? How fast to send?

5. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 5 Standards Standards are essential in creating and maintaining an open and competitive market for equipment manufacturers and in guaranteeing inter-operability. 1. De facto standards (ex: MS office and some DVD standards) 2. De jure (by law) standards (those that have been legislated by an officially recognized body)

6. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 6 1.3 Standards Organizations Standards are developed through the cooperation of standards creation committees, forums, and government regulatory agencies. Standards Creation Committees 1.International Standard Organization (ISO) 2.International Telecommunications Union- Telecommunications Standards Sector (ITU-T) 3.American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 4.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 5.Electronic Industries Association (EIA) 6.World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) 7.Open Mobile Alliance (OMA): wireless technologies

7. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 7 Forums : those special-interest groups made up by representatives from interested corporations Forums : those special-interest groups made up by representatives from interested corporations 1.Frame Relay Forum 2.ATM Forum Regulatory Agencies : the purpose is to protect public interest Regulatory Agencies : the purpose is to protect public interest 1.Federal Communications Commission (FCC), USA 2.NCC, Taiwan

8. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 8 The websites for the standardization organizations are given in Appendix F. Note:

9. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 9 1.4 Internet Standards An Internet standard is a thoroughly tested specification. There is a strict procedure by which a specification attains Internet standard status. A specification begins as an Internet draft, working document with no official status and a six-month lifetime. A draft may be published as a Request for Comment (RFC). The topics discussed in this section include: RFCs go through 6 maturity levels Proposed standard Draft standard Internet standard HistoricExperimentalInformational

10. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 10 Figure 1.2 Maturity levels of an RFC 至少應有兩個 獨立的 implementati on 實驗性  但不 影響正常運作 vender 提供 說明性資訊

11. Requirement Levels of RFC Required: An RFC is labeled required if it must be implemented by all Internet systems to achieve minimum conformation. (e.g., IP, ICMP) Required: An RFC is labeled required if it must be implemented by all Internet systems to achieve minimum conformation. (e.g., IP, ICMP) Recommended: It is not required but it’s useful. (e.g., FTP, TELNET) Recommended: It is not required but it’s useful. (e.g., FTP, TELNET) Elective: a system can use it for its own benefit. Elective: a system can use it for its own benefit. Limited use: used only in limited situations. Most of the experimental RFCs fall under this category. Limited use: used only in limited situations. Most of the experimental RFCs fall under this category. Not recommended: inappropriate for general use. A historic RFC may fall under this category. Not recommended: inappropriate for general use. A historic RFC may fall under this category. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 11

12. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 12 Figure 1.3 Requirement levels of an RFC RFCs can be found at www.faqs.org/rfcs Note:

13. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 13 1.5 Internet Administration ResearchingEngineering

14. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 14 1.5 Internet Administration Internet Society (ISOC): is formed in 1992 to support for the Internet standards process. Internet Architecture Board (IAB) is the technical advisor to the ISOC. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is a forum of working groups managed by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). IETF is responsible for identifying operational problems and proposing solutions to these problems. Areas: Applications, Internet protocols, routing, … Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) : IRSG. IRTF focuses on long term research topics. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), Oct. 1998 Names and Numbers (ICANN) Network Information Center (NIC) is responsible for collecting and distributing information about TCP/IP protocols.

15. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 15 The websites for Internet organizations can be found in Appendix F. Note: