Bluetooth Measurement Overview 安捷倫科技股份有限公司 電子儀器事業群業務部
Agenda Bluetooth Concept & Architecture 10Min Transmiter Test 45Min Receiver Test 25Min Agilent Bluetooth Solution 15Min Q & A 20Min
Solutions for Bluetooth Testing by Agilent Technologies 2018/2/5 Solutions for Bluetooth Testing by Agilent Technologies Randy Chen , Senior AE
Network Topology - Piconet Example master connects up to 7 slaves and 200+ slaves in lower power modes each piconet with capacity 1 Msps unique hopping pattern / ID each device can be master or slave
Bluetooth Protocol Stack RF Baseband Audio Link Manager L2CAP TCP/IP HID RFCOMM Applications Data Control GLOSSARY TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol HID - Human Interface Driver L2CAP - Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol LMP - Link Manager Protocol
Radio Specification Operates in unlicensed ISM band at ~ 2.4GHz Frequency hopping 1600 hops/s nominal 3200 hops/s Page and Inquiry modes TDMA/TDD each slot duration 625 ms including 220 ms guard time packets may occupy 1, 3 or 5 slots 1 Msps capacity per piconet
Radio Frequency Plan USA & Europe (except France and Spain) - 79 channels each with 1 MHz France, Spain & Japan - 23 channels each with 1 MHz, also in the 2.4 GHz range
Link Budget 0 dBm TX power -40 RX power @ 1m -70 RX power @ 10m C/I = 21 dB NF = 23 dB -91 noise floor -114 kTB
Transmitter Characteristics Tx power nominal 0 dBm -30 to +20 dBm range, with power control required above 0 dBm regulated by RSSI -20 dB bandwidth of 1 MHz more details in the BT specifications
General Packet Format Payload contains voice, data or control information CRC for data packets, none for voice packets Channel Access Code (CAC) Device Access Code (DAC) Inquiry Access Code (IAC)
SCO Link Type Synchronous Connection-Oriented links Circuit switched connection Full duplex, symmetric services Slots reserved at fixed intervals Four different packet types - HV1, HV2, HV3 and DV Packet type determined by signal quality (FER, BER) and traffic load 64 kbps voice applications
ACL Link Type Asynchronous Connectionless links Packet switched connection without reserved frames Asynchronous and isochronous services; Symmetric and asymmetric operation Packets occupy 1, 3 or 5 time slots Polling access scheme Eight different packet types - DM1, DM3, DM5, DH1, DH3, DH5, DV, AUX1 Used for both control message and regular data transfer
Bluetooth RF Test Suite Structure 2018/2/5 Bluetooth RF Test Suite Structure Transmitter Test (1) Output Power (2) Power Density (3) Power Control (4) TX Output Spectrum-Frequency Range (5) TX Output Spectrum-20 dB Bandwidth (6) TX Output Spectrum-Adjacent Channel Power (7) Modulation Characteristics (8) Initial Carrier Frequency Tolerance (9) Carrier Frequency Drift
Bluetooth RF Test Suite Structure Transceiver Test (1) Out-of-Band Spurious Emission
Bluetooth RF Test Suite Structure Receiver Test (1) Sensitivity – Single slot packets (2) Sensitivity – Multi slot packets (3) C/I Performance (4) Blocking Performance (5) Intermodulation Performance (6) Maximum Input Level
Measurement Setup 1 ( Transmitter Test) Set DUT into test mode PC controller Transmitter mode VSA or ESA Bluetooth DUT RF output RF input ESG-D
Measurement Setup 2 ( Transmitter Test) Enable test mode PC controller E1852A Racer RF output Bluetooth DUT Through cable or By air
Bluetooth Transmitter Test 2018/2/5 Bluetooth Transmitter Test (1) Output Power Tx mode or loopback mode, hopping on measurement bandwidth 3 MHz average power < 100 mW (20dBm) EIRP peak power < 200mW (23 dBm) EIRP power-class-dependent limits Solutions 89640 Vector Signal Analyzer or ESA-E Spectrum Analyzer The spectrum analyzer settings shall be as follow: - Center frequency: the lowest operating frequency - Span: Zero Span - Resolution Bandwidth: 3 MHz - Video Bandwidth: 3 MHz - Detector: Peak - Mode: Maxhold - Sweeptime: depending on packet type (one complete packet) - Trigger: extern (to signalling unit) Tester calculates average power PAV over at least 20% to 80% of the duration of the burst. (position of p0 defines the begin of the burst) or if the measuring system is not able to determine the p0 bit in the burst: Tester calculates average power PAV over at least 20% to 80% of the duration of the burst. ( The duration of the burst is the time between the leading and trailing 3 dB points compared to the average power).
Output Power Measurement 2018/2/5 Output Power Measurement Measure average and peak power of burst 20% to 80% 3dB points p0 or RF synch Trigger on burst/hop Averaging Pass/fail limits
Bluetooth Transmitter Test 2018/2/5 Bluetooth Transmitter Test (2) Power Spectral Density Tx mode or loopback mode, hopping on power density < 100 mW per 100 kHz EIRP Solutions ESA-E Spectrum Analyzer (freerun) The spectrum analyzer settings shall be as follow: - Center frequency: 2441 MHz - Span: 240 MHz - Resolution Bandwidth: 100 kHz - Video Bandwidth: 100 kHz - Detector: Peak - Mode: Maxhold – Sweeptime: 1 sec per 100 kHz span - Trigger: freerun If the measurement equipment is not able to store one sample for each 100 kHz frequency range, the span may be split for several measurements. The spectrum analyzer is set to Zero Span, the center frequency is set to the frequency found in step c), and the sweep time is set to 1 minute. A single sweep shall be running. The power density is calculated as the peak value of the trace.
Transmitter Measurements 2018/2/5 Transmitter Measurements Power Spectral Density
Bluetooth Transmitter Test 2018/2/5 Bluetooth Transmitter Test (3) Power Control Tx mode or loopback mode, hopping off measurement bandwidth 3MHz 2dB < step size < 8dB at min power step Pav < 4dBm for power class 1 device Solutions 89640 Vector Signal Analyzer or ESA-E Spectrum Analyzer The spectrum analyzer settings shall be as follow: - Center frequency: the lowest operating frequency - Span: Zero Span - Resolution Bandwidth: 3 MHz - Video Bandwidth: 3 MHz - Detector: Peak - Mode: Maxhold - Sweeptime: one complete DH1 packet - Trigger: extern (to signalling unit) Tester calculates average power PAV over at least 20% to 80% of the duration of the burst. (position of p0 defines the begin of the burst) or if the measuring system is not able to determine the p0 bit in the burst: Tester calculates average power PAV over at least 20% to 80% of the duration of the burst. ( The duration of the burst is the time between the leading and trailing 3 dB points compared to the average power).
Bluetooth Transmitter Testing 2018/2/5 Bluetooth Transmitter Testing (4) Output Spectrum - Frequency Range Tx mode or loopback mode, hopping off RBW = 100 kHz, VBW = 300 kHz find fL , fH (spectral power density drop below -30dBm) fL , fH must be within 2.4 GHz - 2.4835 GHz Solutions 89640 Vector Signal Analyzer or ESA-E Spectrum Analyzer Set
Transmitter Measurements 2018/2/5 Transmitter Measurements Frequency Range
Bluetooth Transmitter Testing (5) Output Spectrum - 20dB Bandwidth Tx mode or loopback mode, hopping off RBW = 10 kHz, VBW = 30 kHz find fL , fH (spectral power density drops 20dBm below highest power value ) |fH - fL | 1.0 MHz Solutions 89640 Vector Signal Analyzer or ESA-E Spectrum Analyzer
20dB Output spectrum *Hop requires option 304 2018/2/5 20dB Output spectrum Measures 20 dB band- width of output spectrum center freq independent automatically find -20 dB points Averaging Trigger on burst/hop* Pass/fail limits Burst synch *Hop requires option 304
Bluetooth Transmitter Testing (6) Output Spectrum - Adjacent Channel Power Tx mode or loopback mode, hopping off RBW = 100 kHz, VBW = 300 kHz Ptx(f) -20dBm for M-N = 2 Ptx(f) -40dBm for M-N 3 Solutions 89640 Vector Signal Analyzer or ESA-E Spectrum Analyzer
Adjacent Channel Power
Bluetooth Transmitter Test 2018/2/5 Bluetooth Transmitter Test (7) Modulation Characteristics (modulation index) Tx mode or loopback mode, hopping off bit p0 determined max frequency deviation f1max given 00001111 sequence within 140 kHz and 175 kHz max frequency deviation f2max given 01010101 sequence greater than 115 kHz f2avg / f1avg 0.8 Solution 89640 Vector Signal Analyzer Tester calculates for each "00001111" 8 bit sequence in the payload the average frequency over the frequency values of the 8 bits. To determine the correct deviation value of each bit it shall be oversampled at least four times. Then take the average over these at least four samples as the deviation for each bit. For each second, third, sixth and seventh of the 8 bits the deviation from the average frequency within the bit period is recorded as Df1max. Tester calculates for each "01010101" 8 bit sequence in the payload the average frequency over these 8 bits. For each of the 8 bits the maximum deviation from this average within the bit period is recorded as Df2max. Comment: Due to noise and the therefor statistical distribution of the measurement values Df1max and Df2max the probability of failing the test even at a small statistical standard deviation might be quite high as each single measurement value is considered at the pass criteria. Therefor a proposal would be to allow a certain failure rate. For further information please refer to the proposal from Troy Beukema (IBM)
Modulation Deviation *Hop requires option 304 2018/2/5 Modulation Deviation Measures modulation deviation accuracy Requires to data patterns: 11110000 & 10101010 Averaging Trigger on burst/hop* Pass/fail limits Burst synch *Hop requires option 304
Bluetooth Transmitter Test 2018/2/5 Bluetooth Transmitter Test (8) Initial Carrier Frequency Tolerance Tx mode or loopback mode, hopping on and off bit p0 determined initial carrier frequency tolerance < 75 kHz Solution 89640 Vector Signal Analyzer or ESA-E Spectrum Analyzer Tester makes an integration of the frequency deviations of the packets' 4 preamble bits on the EUT's fTX channel. The EUT's carrier frequency shall be assumed to be the result of this integration and is named f0. Tester integrates the frequency deviations of every 4 bit symbols in the payload body (k-th measurement leads to fk). The measurement procedure is the same as in step . The integration result is used to calculate the instantaneous frequency drift as the difference to the initial carrier frequency as measured before.
Initial Carrier Frequency Tolerance 2018/2/5 Initial Carrier Frequency Tolerance Measures hop frequency accuracy preamble bits 20 samples/sym for freq resolution Averaging Trigger on burst/hop* Pass/fail limits *Hop requires option 304
Bluetooth Transmitter Test 2018/2/5 Bluetooth Transmitter Test (9) Carrier Frequency Drift Tx mode or loopback mode, hopping on and off bit p0 determined instantaneous carrier frequency drift < 25/40/40 kHz given 1010 sequence and 1/3/5-slot packet carrier max. frequency drift rate < 4000 Hz / 10s Solution 89640 Vector Signal Analyzer or ESA-E Spectrum Analyzer Tester makes an integration of the frequency deviations of the packets' 4 preamble bits on the EUT's fTX channel. The EUT's carrier frequency shall be assumed to be the result of this integration and is named f0. Tester integrates the frequency deviations of every 4 bit symbols in the payload body (k-th measurement leads to fk). The measurement procedure is the same as in step . The integration result is used to calculate the instantaneous frequency drift as the difference to the initial carrier frequency as measured before.
Carrier Frequency Drift 2018/2/5 Carrier Frequency Drift Measures ability of Tx to stay on channel 4 bit payload drift Maximum rate ICFT (low resolution) Averaging Trigger on burst/hop* Pass/fail limits Burst synch *Hop requires option 304
Bluetooth Transceiver Test 2018/2/5 Bluetooth Transceiver Test (1) Out-of-band Spurious Emissions Tx mode or loopback mode, hopping off 30 MHz to 12.75 GHz under ETS 300 328 (Europe) 30 MHz to 25 GHz under FCC Part 15.247 (USA) Solution ESA-E Spectrum Analyzer
Transceiver Measurements 2018/2/5 Transceiver Measurements Spurious responses to 12.75GHz
Measurement Setup 1 ( Receiver Test) Set DUT into test mode PC controller Loopback mode Data out ESG-D wanted signal Bluetooth DUT CLK out RF input Power splitter ESG-D unwanted signal CW interference
Measurement Setup 2 ( Receiver Test) Enable test mode PC controller E1852A Racer RF output Bluetooth DUT Through cable or By air
Bluetooth Receiver Test 2018/2/5 Bluetooth Receiver Test (1) Sensitivity (single-slot) loopback mode, hopping off received power -70 dBm dirty single slot packets as test signal (impairment including freq. Drift & freq. Offset) BER 0.1 % at 1600000+ bit counts Solution ESG-D Digital Signal Generator + opt. UND Arbitrary Waveform Generator + opt. UN7 BERT The properties of the packets are chosen according to Table below. Beside those parameters the reference signal settings have to be used. The tester transmits the first 20 ms using the first parameter set (see Table).The second 20 ms are transmitted with parameter set 2 and so forth. After the 10th set of parameters has been used, the tester continues using the first set again. Set CF offset Mod index Symbol timing 1 75 kHz 0.28 - 20 ppm 2 14 kHz 0.30 - 20 ppm 3 - 2 kHz 0.29 + 20 ppm 4 1 kHz 0.32 + 20 ppm 5 39 kHz 0.33 + 20 ppm 6 0 kHz 0.34 - 20 ppm 7 -42 kHz 0.29 - 20 ppm 8 74 kHz 0.31 - 20 ppm 9 -19 kHz 0.28 - 20 ppm 10 -75 kHz 0.35 + 20 ppm Addtional to the described dirty transmitter signal parameters in the above table, a synchronized sine wave frequency modulation (packet start at 0°) with a deviation of 25kHz(single-slot packet)/40kHz(multi-slot packet) and a modulation frequency of 1.6kHz(1-slot)/500Hz(3-slot)/300Hz(5-slot) shall be modulated on the signal to realize the carrier frequency drift.
Bluetooth Receiver Test 2018/2/5 Bluetooth Receiver Test (2) Sensitivity (multi-slot packets) loopback mode, hopping off received power -70 dBm dirty single slot packets as test signal (impairment including freq. Drift & freq. Offset) BER 0.1 % at 1600000+ bit counts Solution ESG-D Digital Signal Generator + opt. UND Arbitrary Waveform Generator + opt. UN7 BERT The properties of the packets are chosen according to Table below. Beside those parameters the reference signal settings have to be used. The tester transmits the first 20 ms using the first parameter set (see Table).The second 20 ms are transmitted with parameter set 2 and so forth. After the 10th set of parameters has been used, the tester continues using the first set again. Set CF offset Mod index Symbol timing 1 75 kHz 0.28 - 20 ppm 2 14 kHz 0.30 - 20 ppm 3 - 2 kHz 0.29 + 20 ppm 4 1 kHz 0.32 + 20 ppm 5 39 kHz 0.33 + 20 ppm 6 0 kHz 0.34 - 20 ppm 7 -42 kHz 0.29 - 20 ppm 8 74 kHz 0.31 - 20 ppm 9 -19 kHz 0.28 - 20 ppm 10 -75 kHz 0.35 + 20 ppm Addtional to the described dirty transmitter signal parameters in the above table, a synchronized sine wave frequency modulation (packet start at 0°) with a deviation of 25kHz(single-slot packet)/40kHz(multi-slot packet) and a modulation frequency of 1.6kHz(1-slot)/500Hz(3-slot)/300Hz(5-slot) shall be modulated on the signal to realize the carrier frequency drift.
Bluetooth Receiver Test (3) C / I Performance loopback mode, hopping off wanted modulated signal + co/adjacent/other channel modulated signal BER 0.1 % at 1600000+ bit counts Solution ESG-D Digital Signal Generator ( 2 ) + opt. UND Arbitrary Waveform Generator( 2 ) + opt. UN7 BERT
Bluetooth Receiver Test (4) Blocking Performance loopback mode, hopping off wanted modulated signal + CW interference from 30 MHz to 12.75 GHz BER 0.1 % at 1600000+ bit counts Solutions ESG-D Digital Signal Generator + UND + UN7 E6432A 20GHz uwave source
Bluetooth Receiver Test (5) Intermodulation Performance loopback mode, hopping off wanted modulated signal + unwanted modulated signal + CW interference BER 0.1 % at 1600000+ bit counts Solutions ESG-D Digital Signal Generator ( 2 ) + UND ( 2 ) + UN7 E6432A 20GHz uwave source
Bluetooth Receiver Test (6) Maximum Input Level loopback mode, hopping off received power -20dBm BER 0.1 % at 1600000+ bit counts Solution ESG-D Digital Signal Generator + UND + UN7
Agilent Technologies Bluetooth Testing Equipment ( for R&D) 2018/2/5 Agilent Technologies Bluetooth Testing Equipment ( for R&D) ESG D-series RF Signal Generator with Option UN8 Real-Time IQ BB Generator , Option UND Dual Arbitrary Waveform Generator and Option UN7BER Tester 89600 Vector Signal Analyzer ESA Spectrum Analyzer 83711B 20GHz source (could be CW interference) E1852A RACER A Bluetooth RF Interface Test Set 3GHz 3 way splitter
Agilent Technologies Bluetooth Testing Equipment (for manufacturing) ESG D-series RF Signal (could be co-channel or adjacent channel signal) E1852A RACER A Bluetooth RF Interface Test Set ESA Spectrum Analyzer 83711B 20GHz source (could be CW interference) 3GHz 3 way splitter
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