Note: Borders extend into space and to the center of the earth.

All measurements are from the baseline (average low tide mark) Natural Borders Ocean: best border (why?), distinguishable 3 mile limit: end of US state all foreign military must stay this far out 12 mile limit: official end of US territory 200 mile limit: protection of resources mining, fishing are major concerns All measurements are from the baseline (average low tide mark)

3 mile limit A function of the range of a 12 pounder (the canon ball weighed 12 pounds), this is the traditional distance for international waters. Basically if a hostile ship approached your harbor, you shot at it and if the ball was short, the enemy ship was in international waters

12 mile limit The territorial sea is regarded as the sovereign territory of the state, although foreign ships (both military and civilian) are allowed innocent passage through it; this sovereignty also extends to the airspace over and seabed below. Waters landward of the baseline are defined as internal waters, over which the state has complete sovereignty: not even innocent passage is allowed. Lakes and rivers are considered internal waters

200 mile limit An exclusive economic zone extends from the outer limit of the territorial sea to a maximum of 200 nautical miles (230.2 mi) from the territorial sea baseline. A coastal nation has control of all economic resources within its exclusive economic zone, including fishing, mining, oil exploration, and any pollution of those resources. Countries can not stop innocent passage beyond the 12 mile limit.

Why would the Strait of Malacca be considered the superior political route? Sunda Strait Because the Straits of Malacca is between two states and Indonesia could claim the Sunda Strait as internal waters.

(so the border of Spain and Morocco is 3.85 miles from baseline) Straits A strait is a naturally formed, narrow, typically navigable waterway that connects two larger bodies of water. Since some straits are not even 24 miles wide this areas have been contested, occupied, and fortified. Strait of Gibraltar 7.7 nautical miles (so the border of Spain and Morocco is 3.85 miles from baseline) Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory, and has guarded the strait since 1713. This territory has been a sore spot with the Spanish for centuries.

Strait of Hormuz Separating the oil rich Persian Gulf from the open Indian Ocean, this strait is considered by many to be the most strategic strait in the world.

The Strait of Malacca is the best strait for passage from the Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean. This strait was once controlled by the UK and their major fortress of Singapore. Unlike Gibraltar they are an independent state.

River Borders Very common Problems: rivers change course Border is in the middle (between shores) Typically lakes are treated like rivers unless the border is along a geometric border. Problems: rivers change course both sides want to use whole river culture between river towns more similar

Mountain Borders drawn peak to peak worst type of border (What makes a border “bad”?) -which peaks should be chosen? -hard to know exactly where border is at ground level -both sides want the top of the mountain Country A 1000 m 2000m 3000 m 4000 m 5000 m 6000 m Country B

Mountain Borders drawn peak to peak Country A Country B Country A would like which color line for a border? What would the area between the red and black lines be called? What resources currently would be most important from this area?

Desert Borders no real line, in the past it was not important -country with most desert borders is Saudi Arabia -probably will not be used in future Why did desert borders survive for so long? Give three reasons Saudi Arabia and other countries are getting rid of their desert borders? (think physical, economic, political)

Which of the following is probably the reason the Saudis are quickly putting up these fences? physical economic political

Obsolete Borders Forest and Swamp In the past these biomes were hard to cross with armies, newer technologies made these borders obsolete. Border of Norway/Sweden, not really a forest border (maybe a lack of forest border?).

Which states have the greatest percentage of geometric borders? Man-Made Borders Delimit: to mark a border on a map Geometric: straight line borders newest type (only around 250 years) all US States have a geometric border except one Which states have the greatest percentage of geometric borders? Why?

-usually happens after a war Superimposed Border: when one country tells another country where the border is to be -usually happens after a war   Now the Russian exclave Kaliningrad Oblast Germany pre WW 2 (left), Germany today (right)

Enclave any portion of a state that is entirely surrounded by the territory of one other state. When such a territory additionally borders a body of water that is not enclosed by a different state, it is termed a pene-enclave or "practical" enclave. Nakhchivan

Enclaved state (countries) States (countries) in their own right, surrounded by another one. They are not enclaves as such since, according to the definition, an enclave is a portion of a country, and not an entire country. The Holy See (commonly called Vatican City), is the smallest country in the world and is located within a walled area of the Italian capital city of Rome. Its area is only about .17 square miles (.44 square km or 108 acres). Only 24 square miles in area, San Marino is located on Mt. Titano in north-central Italy and is home to 32,000 residents.

Peni-Enclaved states (countries)

Demarcated Border: a border that has cultural landscape on it (fence, wall, etc.) -often related to superimposed borders

Pick that border: Bangladesh-India China-Vietnam Mozambique-South Africa US-Mexico

Pick that border: China-Vietnam US-Mexico Bangladesh-India Mozambique-South Africa US-Mexico China-Vietnam Mozambique-South Africa US-Mexico Bangladesh-India

Only road between India and Pakistan (left), Site where Russia, China, and North Korea meet (bottom)

The world’s busiest border. US-Mexican Border The world’s busiest border.

DMZ: A demilitarized zone is an area in which treaties or agreements between states, military powers or contending groups forbid military installations, activities or personnel. A DMZ often lies along an established frontier or boundary between two or more military powers or alliances. A DMZ may sometimes form a de facto international border—for example, the 38th parallel between North and South Korea. Ironically though either side is commonly very militarized.

Iron Curtain: separated Warsaw Pact from NATO during the Cold War The system of the Berlin Wall at the end of the 70s From right to left: 1 - East Berlin 2 - Border area 3 - Backland Wall 4 - Signal fence 5 - Different kind of barriers 6 - Watch towers 7 - Lighting system 8 - Column track 9 - Control track 10 - Anti-vehicle trenches 11 - Last Wall, known as the "Wall" 12 - Border 13 - West Berlin Iron Curtain: separated Warsaw Pact from NATO during the Cold War

Relic(t) Border: old demarcated borders that have lost their function, set or system of stations, no longer in use -famous ones include the Great Wall of China and Hadrian Wall (built by Romans) -the mission route in California is another