China 1949 - 1989: From Civil War to Tiananmen Square Mr. Growdon / World History 3

The Communist Revolution: 1946 - 1949

The Peoples’ Liberation Army (PLA) 1949

Communist Victory 1949

People’s Republic of China (PRC) (Mainland or Communist China) The flag of the PRC is a red field charged in the canton (upper corner nearest the flagpole) with five golden stars. The design features one large star, with four smaller stars in a semicircle set off towards the fly (the side farthest from the flag pole). The red represents the communist revolution; the five stars and their relationship represent the unity of the Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China PRC established October 1, 1949

Reasons for the Communists’ Success Mao won support of peasants and used guerilla war tactics Many saw the Nationalist government as corrupt and allowed foreigners to dominate the country WWII (vs. Japanese) helped the Communists The Nationalists fled to Taiwan and established the Republic of China (ROC); this party still governs Taiwan

Invasion of Tibet 1950

Tibet Different culture, history, religion (Buddhist), etc. China invades in Dec. 1950 Tibet and China agree to a 17-Point Agreement; Tibet to remain an “autonomous” region Much distrust; violations of the agreement 1959: Rebellions; Chinese army takes control; Dalai Lama flees; much killing and destruction throughout Tibet

The Dalai Lama The 14th and current Dalai Lama is Tenzin Gyatso. Born in 1935, the 14th Dalai Lama was not formally enthroned until 17 November 1950, during the Battle of Chamdo with the People's Republic of China. In 1951, the Dalai Lama and the Tibetan government were forced to accept the Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet by which it became formally incorporated into the People's Republic of China. Fearing for his life in the wake of a revolt in Tibet in 1959, the 14th Dalai Lama fled to India, from where he led a government in exile.

Forward” (or Backward?) The “Great Leap Forward” (or Backward?) 1958-1961

The Great Leap Forward Communes: 5-year plan to increase agriculture and industry Communes: Groups of people who live and work together Property held in common Had production quotas Failed due to poor quality of products; centralized planning hurt agriculture Disaster: Approx. 40 million Chinese died

Communist China Under Mao Industrialized China Increased literacy Class privileges ended Rural Chinese received health care One-party dictatorship Denied people basic rights and freedoms (esp. Inner Mongolia, and Tibet)

The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 1966 - 1976

A Campaign Against the “FOUR OLDS” Old Thoughts Old Culture Old Customs Old Habits “To Rebel Is Good!”

Communist China Under Mao Designed to renew revolutionary spirit and establish a more equitable society Mao wanted to put “intellectuals” in their place Schools shut down and students revolted Red Guards – students who attacked professors, government officials, factory managers

Red Guards March to Canton

With regard to the great teacher Chairman Mao, cherish the word 'Loyalty'. With regard to the great Mao Zedong Thought, vigorously stress the word 'Usefullness'. (1968) Cult of Personality

Chairman Mao’s “Little Red Book”

The reddest, reddest, red sun in our heart, Chairman Mao, and us together Zhejiang Workers, Farmers and Soldiers Art Academy collective, 1968 Mao’s Little Red Book

Propaganda Poster

“Go among the workers, peasants and soldiers, and into the thick of struggle!” 1967-1972

Propaganda

Propaganda Poster

Propaganda Poster

Propaganda Poster

Mao Meets President Nixon in Beijing,1972

Power Struggle Communist Traditionalists Modernists Zhou Enlai 1976 Zhou Enlai “The Gang of Four”: Jiang Qin, Chen Boda, Wang Hongwen, Yao Wenyuan

Communist Government and a Capitalist Economy

Deng Xiaoping Leader: 1978-1992

De-Maoization “The 4 Modernizations” Progress in: Industry Agriculture Industry Science & Technology Military “Class struggle” was no longer the central focus

Tiananmen Square Beijing

More hints of democracy Tiananmen Square 1989 More hints of democracy

Democracy—The common ideal Tiananmen Square 1989 Democracy—The common ideal

The Government Clamps Down Tiananmen Square 1989 Also known as the “June 4th Incident” Protests started on April 14th, 1989 Chinese government sends army in on June 3rd at 10:30 PM and the Square is cleared by 6:00 AM on June 4th. Who was protesting? Pro-democracy supporters College students Chinese army opened fire on Chinese protestors Army arrested, tortured, and executed leaders of the students According to Chinese govt- 241 dead, but other estimates are in the 1,000-2,000 range The Government Clamps Down

Tiananmen Square 1989 One Lone Man’s Protest

The Massacre: The People’s Army Moves In Tiananmen Square 1989 The Massacre: The People’s Army Moves In

The Reestablishment of Order Tiananmen Square 1989 The Reestablishment of Order

Questions & Answers Q: What is the official name of mainland China? A: People’s Republic of China (PRC)

Questions & Answers Q: When was the PRC established? A: October 1, 1949

Questions & Answers Q: What is the “R.O.C.”? A: R.O.C. = Republic of China The Nationalist gov. that governed mainland China from 1911 - 1949; now R.O.C. is the formal name for Taiwan

Questions & Answers Q: When did China annex Tibet? A: 1950

Questions & Answers Q: Who is the former ruler of Tibet? A: The Dalai Lama

Questions & Answers Q: When was the “Tibetan Rebellion” that ended Tibetan autonomy? A: 1959

Questions & Answers Q: When was the Great Leap Forward? A: 1958 - 1961

Questions & Answers Q: What was the Great Leap Forward? A: A centralized effort by Mao to industrialize China and improve its agriculture

Questions & Answers Q: When was the Great Cultural Revolution?

Questions & Answers Q: What was the Cultural Revolution? A: A political, social and cultural campaign led by Mao to eradicate the “Four Olds” throughout China

Questions & Answers Q: Who was Deng Xiaopeng? What did he do? A: Leader of China after Mao. He opened up and modernized China.

Questions & Answers Q: In what year were the Tiananmen Square protests and massacre? A: 1989