Next Review Session is: @ :15 Date: June, 2017- period 1 Aim # 85: What are the structures and functions of the human immune system? HW: Test Friday 6/2 (Regents MC!) RRB pages 31-44 due Friday Castle Learning (QUIZ #5) due next MONDAY Do Now: Next Review Session is: @ :15

1. Define regulation. “control and coordination” of an organism’s metabolism

2. Define homeostasis. Maintaining a constant internal environment in a constantly changing external environment

3. Define metabolism. All of your life functions needed to be considered a living organism.

4. What is the relationship between regulation, homeostasis, and metabolism? Regulation controls our metabolism in order to maintain homeostasis (Controlling and coordinating our life functions helps to maintain a constant internal environment.)

5. Give an example of a regulatory mechanism that ensures homeostasis of body temperature If the external environment changes, a person can sweat or shiver to maintain a constant 37 degrees Celsius.

6. What 2 systems control and coordinate metabolism? Nervous system Endocrine system

7. Similarities Nervous system Nerves secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters Maintains homeostasis Endocrine system Endocrine glands secrete chemicals called hormones Maintains homeostasis

8. Differences Nervous system Responses are rapid Nerves transmit impulses via neurons Endocrine system Slow response, last a long time Hormones are carried by plasma

Nervous System

Brain Pop: Nervous System ~ 2.5 minutes http://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysystems/nervoussystem/

9. Neuron Receive, conduct, and send impulses (electrical and chemical messages) dendrites Myelin sheath nucleus axon Cell body Schwann cells Terminal branches

Brain Pop: Neurons ~ 4 minutes http://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysystems/neurons/

10. Synapses Gaps between neurons Neurotransmitters: send signals from one neuron to another

Sketch a chemical molecule that might be released from nerve cell A and be recognized and bind to area I of nerve cell B.

11. 3 types of neurons Sensory: carry impulses from receptors (sense organ) to spinal cord and brain Interneurons: relay impulses from one neuron to another in brain and spinal cord Motor: carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effectors (muscles or glands)

12. Nerve Bundle of neurons

13. Normal Pathway Response Stimulus  receptor (sense organ)  sensory neuron  CNS (interneurons in brain and spinal cord)  motor neuron  effector (muscle or gland)

14. Reflex Arc Stimulus  receptor  sensory neuron  interneuron (in spinal cord only)  motor neuron  effector “no brainer”: don’t think about it first

15. Central Nervous System Brain and spinal cord

Brain Pop: Brain http://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysystems/brain/

19. Spinal cord Regulates reflexes Carries nerve impulses between various parts of the body and the brain

Brain Pop: Spinal Cord ~ 2 minutes http://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysystems/spinalcord/

1.

2. Which statement best describes the diagram Nerve cell X is releasing receptor molecules Nerve cell Y is signaling nerve cell X Nerve cell X is attaching to nerve cell Y Nerve cell Y contains receptor molecules for substance A 3. The process represented in the diagram best illustrates Cellular communication Muscle contraction Extraction of energy from nutrients Waste disposal

4. The function of the neuron labeled X is to… Transmit impulses from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron Direct impulses from the receptor to the spinal cord Initiate responses by stimulating the receptor Transmit impulses from the effector to the brain

Endocrine System

Vocabulary Definition 1. Endocrine Gland Series of ductless glands that release chemicals directly into the bloodstream where they relay messages to other parts of the body 2. Gonads Sex organs (ovaries and testes) 3. Hormone Chemical produced in one part of an organism and transported to another part, where it causes a physiological change 4. Feedback Mechanism Change in one quantity causes a change in a second quantity, which then causes a change in the first quantity 5. Hypothalamus Portion of the brain that connects the endocrine and nervous system, and controls the pituitary gland by sending messages to the pituitary, which then releases its own chemicals or stimulates other glands to release chemicals

Gland Function Horomone(s) Pituitary Produce more thyroxin, egg development, long bone development TSH, FSH, GH Thyroid Control rate of metabolism, physical and mental development thyroxin Parathyroid Regulates metabolism of calcium and phosphates Parathormone Adrenal Control heart rate, blood sugar levels, blood clotting rate Adrenaline (epinephrine) Islets of Langerhans Sugar level regulation Insulin, glucogon Ovaries Secondary female characteristics Estrogen Testes Secondary male characteristics Testosterone

Brain Pop: Endocrine System ~ 4 minutes http://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysystems/endocrinesystem/

Improper insulin production, can’t regulate blood sugar level Disorders Descriptions Diabetes Improper insulin production, can’t regulate blood sugar level Goiter Enlargement of thyroid due to insufficient iodine in diet Dwarfism Can be caused by the pituitary gland not producing enough growth hormone

Brain Pop: Disease, Injuries, and Conditions(Blood Glucose Meter) http://www.brainpop.com/health/diseasesinjuriesandconditions/bloodglucosemeter/

Regulation and Feedback Mechanisms

1. Hormones are released by glands and travel through the circulatory system to reach target cells:

Hormones in blood and target cells: Neurotransmitters and neurons: 2. Receptor molecules: protein molecules in the cell membrane that can receive chemical messages from other cells (SPECIFIC). Hormones in blood and target cells: Neurotransmitters and neurons:

3. Feedback: change in “A”  Change in “B”  Change in “A”

4. Negative Feedback: helps to maintain homeostasis Keeps conditions normal (constant) examples: body temperature regulation, blood sugar regulation, menstrual cycle,

5. Regulating Body Temperature:

6. Hormones and feedback mechanisms:

7. Regulating Blood Sugar Levels:

8. Hormones Involved in the Menstrual Cycle:

9. Comparison: Nervous and Endocrine Systems Nerve responses are ________________and of short duration Nerves transmit impulses via _____________ Endocrine responses are ___________ but last for a long time Hormones are carried by the plasma of the ___________ Chemicals are called ____________________ Chemicals are called __________________ Nervous Endocrine

10. The diagram below illustrates some functions of the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland secretes substances that, in turn, cause other glands to secrete different substances. Which statement best describes events shown in the diagram? secretions provide the energy needed for metabolism. The raw materials for the synthesis of secretions come from nitrogen. The secretions of all glands speed blood circulation in the body. Secretions help the body to respond to changes from the normal state.