The Expansive Realm of Islam Chapter 14 The Expansive Realm of Islam Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Muhammad and His Message Born about 570 C.E. to merchant family in Mecca Orphaned as a child Married wealthy widow ca. 595 C.E.; worked as merchant Familiarity with paganism, Christianity, and Judaism as practiced in Arabian peninsula Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Muhammad’s Spiritual Transformation Visions, ca. 610 C.E. Archangel Gabriel Monotheism—Allah Attracted followers in Mecca Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Quran Record of revelations received during visions Committed to writing ca. 650 C.E. (Muhammad died 632 C.E.) Tradition of Muhammad’s life: hadith Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Conflict at Mecca Muhammad’s monotheistic teachings offensive to polytheistic pagans Economic threat to existing religious industry Denunciation of greed an affront to local aristocracy Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Hijra and the Umma Muhammad fled to Yathrib (Medina), 622 C.E. Starting point of official Islamic calendar Organized followers into communal society (the umma) Legal, spiritual code Commerce, raids on Meccan caravans for sake of umma Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The “Seal of the Prophets” Muhammad—the final prophet Accepted the authority of Abraham, Moses, and Jesus Hebrew scriptures and Christian New Testament held in high esteem Muhammad had been entrusted a more complete revelation, one that communicated Allah’s plan for the world Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Muhammad’s Return to Mecca Attack on Mecca, 630 C.E. Conversion of Mecca to Islam Destruction of pagan sites, replaced with mosques Ka’ba preserved in honor of importance of Mecca Approved as pilgrimage site Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Five Pillars of Islam No god but Allah (God), and Muhammad is his prophet Daily prayer while facing Mecca Fasting during daylight hours of Ramadan Alms for the relief of the weak and poor Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Jihad “Struggle” “Holy war” Against vice Against ignorance of Islam Against unbelievers who threaten Islam Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Islamic Law: The Sharia Codification of Islamic law Based on Quran, hadith, logical schools of analysis Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of human activity Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Caliph No clear successor to Muhammad identified Abu Bakr chosen to lead as caliph Led war against villagers who abandoned Islam after death of Muhammad Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Expansion of Islam Highly successful attacks on Byzantine, Sasanid territories Difficulties governing rapidly expanding territory Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Expansion of Islam, 632–733 C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Shia Disagreements over selection of caliphs Ali passed over for Abu Bakr Ali served as fourth caliph, 656–661 C.E., but assassinated along with most followers Remaining followers organized separate party called “Shia” Traditionalists: Sunni Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Umayyad Dynasty (661–750 C.E.) From Meccan merchant class Brought stability to the Islamic community Capital: Damascus, Syria Associated with Arab military aristocracy Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Policy toward Conquered Peoples Favoritism of Arab military rulers caused discontent Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims Umayyads’ luxurious living caused further decline in moral authority Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Abu al-Abbas Sunni Arab, allied with Shia and non-Arab Muslims Seized control of Persia and Mesopotamia Defeated Umayyad army in 750 C.E. Invited Umayyads to banquet, then massacred them Founded Abbasid dynasty, principal authority in dar al-Islam until 1258 C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Abbasid Dynasty (750–1258 C.E.) Diverse nature of administration (i.e. not exclusively Arab) Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial expansion Content to administer inherited empire Continued growth of dar al-Islam Military activity of autonomous Islamic forces Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Abbasid Administration Persian influence Court at Baghdad Influence of Islamic scholars Ulama and qadis sought to develop policy based on Quran and sharia Ulama: “people with religious knowledge” Qadis: “judges” Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Harun al-Rashid (786–809 C.E.) Caliph during high point of Abbasid dynasty Baghdad the center of banking, commerce, crafts, industrial production Liberal support for artists and writers Great cultural activity Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Abbasid Decline Civil war between sons of Harun al-Rashid Provincial governors asserted regional independence Dissenting sects, heretical movements Abbasid caliphs became puppets of Persian nobility Later influence of Saljuq Turks; sultan became true source of power in Abbasid empire Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Economy of the Early Islamic World Spread of food and industrial crops Trade routes from India to Spain Western diet adapted to wide variety New crops adapted to different growing seasons Agricultural sciences developed Cotton, paper industries developed Major cities emerged Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone Historical precedent of Arabic trade Dar al-Islam extended over Silk Roads Ice exported from Syria to Egypt in summer, tenth century Camel caravans Maritime trade Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Banking and the Organization of Trade Scale of trade led to development of banks Sakk (“check”) Trade promoted by uniformity of Islamic law throughout dar al-Islam Joint ventures common Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Al-Andalus Islamic Spain Had been taken by Muslim Berber conquerors from north Africa, early eighth century Allied to Umayyads, refused to recognize Abbasid dynasty Formed own caliphate Tensions, but interrelationship Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Changing Status of Women Quran improved status of women Outlawed female infanticide Brides, not husbands, claimed dowries Yet male dominance preserved Patrilineal descent Polygamy permitted, polyandry forbidden Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition Islamic values Uniformity of Islamic law in dar al-Islam Establishment of madrasas Importance of the hajj Sufi missionaries Asceticism, mysticism Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians Wide popularity Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Al-Ghazali (1058–1111 C.E.) Major Sufi thinker from Persia Human reason too frail to understand mysteries of world Only through devotion, guidance from Quran, could human beings appreciate power of Allah Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Cultural Influences on Islam Persia Administration and governance Literature India Mathematics, science, medicine “Hindi” numerals Greece Philosophy, especially Aristotle Ibn Rushd/Averroes (1126–1198 C.E.) Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.