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The Expansive Realm of Islam

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Presentation on theme: "The Expansive Realm of Islam"— Presentation transcript:

1 The Expansive Realm of Islam

2 Muhammad and His Message
Arabian peninsula- desert Nomadic Bedouin people- clans Import region trade between China and India, Persia and Byzantium Muhammad’s Early Life Born to merchant family in Mecca, 570 CE Orphaned at age 6, cared for by grandfather and uncle Married wealthy widow, 595 CE Become merchant Traveled Exposed to variety of religious and cultural traditions

3 Muhammad and His Message
Spiritual Transformation Age forty One true god, Allah, rules the universe Reward good, punish evil Gabriel delivers revelations Instructs Muhammad to explain views to others Small following in Mecca by 620 CE The Quran Holy book of Islam- Compilation of Muhammad’s revelations, teachings, etc. Hadith- sayings and deeds of Muhammad

4 Migration to Medina Teachings offended ruling elites in Mecca (monotheism vs. polytheism) Attacks on greed offended wealthy merchants Attacks on idolatry threatened profits from shrines Ka’Ba Persecution of Muhammad and followers

5 Migration to Medina Hijra- move of Muhammad and followers to Medina, 622 CE Starting point of Islamic calendar Umma- community of Muslims in Medina (“Community of the faithful”) Followed legal and social code Daily prayers Battle with enemies Raids on caravans from Mecca Relief for widows, orphans, poor

6 The “seal of the prophets”
Last prophet of Allah Acknowledges Hebrew scriptures and New Testament Abraham Moses Jesus Spread Allah’s message to the world

7 Establishing Islam Muhammad conquers Mecca, 630 CE
Establishes government dedicated to Allah Destroyed shrines, built mosques Preserved Ka’ba as symbol of Mecca’s greatness Muhammad leads first pilgrimage to Ka’ba, 632 CE- Hajj as example for devout Muslims to follow Campaign against towns and Bedouin clans Brought most of Arabia under control by Muhammad’s death in 632 CE

8 Establishing Islam Five Pillars of Islam
Shahadah- declaring no other god but Allah, and Muhammad as his prophet Salat- daily prayer five times a day while facing Mecca Zakat- alms giving to help the weak and poor Sawm- fasting during the month of Ramadan Hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca

9 Establishing Islam Jihad- “Struggle” Sharia- Islamic holy law
Fight against vice and evil Struggle against ignorance and unbelief by spreading the word Waging war against unbelievers who threaten Islam Sharia- Islamic holy law Proper behavior in almost every aspect of life Marriage, inheritance, slavery, business, government, etc. Propels Islam beyond a religion into a way of life Dar al-Islam- lands where Muslim government rules

10 Expansion of Islam Caliphs- “deputy” or successors of Muhammad
Abu Bakr- head of state, chief judge, religious leader, military commander Leads campaign against towns and Bedouin clans who renounced Islam after Muhammad’s death Rapid expansion of Islam

11 Expansion of Islam The Shia Disagreements over succession
Minority sect (Sunnis majority- traditionalists) Support Ali (fourth Caliph)- assassinated, family killed Replaced by Sunnis candidate Struggle to restore Ali’s line Ali as infallible Continuous conflict between Shia’s and Sunnis

12 Umayyad Dynasty ( ) Solves problem of succession- brings stability to Islamic community Established capital city at Damascus in Syria Rule dar al-Islam in favor of Arabian military aristocracy Appoint elites to positions of power Levied jizya- tax on those who did not convert to Islam Non-Arab converts discriminated against Deep resentment against Umayyad rule

13 Umayyad Dynasty Decline Casual towards Islamist doctrine
Devoted themselves to luxury instead of leading the umma Resistance by the Shia Discontent of conquered peoples Disillusionment of Muslim Arab military leaders

14 Abbasid Dynasty ( ) Abu al-Abbas- descendant of Muhammad’s uncle Allied with Shias and non-Arab Muslims Won battle against Umayyad in 750 Did not favor Arab military elite Did not conquer- Islam and empire spread through trade and interactions of affected peoples

15 Abbasid Dynasty Administration
Relied on Persian techniques of centralization and inheritance Regional governors Set policies Established capital cities Capital city at Baghdad Ulama (“People with religious knowledge”) and quadis (judges) rule locally

16 Abbasid Dynasty Harun al-Rashid (786-809)
High point of Abbasid dynasty Wealth Strong Baghdad became center of banking, commerce, crafts, and industry Booming population

17 Abbasid Dynasty Decline
Struggle for succession among Harun’s sons- civil war Governors build own power Uprisings and peasant rebellions Persian nobles seize Baghdad in 945 Saljuq Turks control imperial family

18 Islamic Economy Spread of new foods and industrial crops Urban growth
Increase varieties and quantities Basis for textile industry (cotton) Travel and communication facilitate experiments and further development Urban growth Increased agricultural production = increased population-> rapid growth of cities Paper manufacturing

19 Islamic Economy Overland trade Maritime Trade Banks Revived silk roads
Umayyad and Abbasid rulers maintained roads Camels and caravans Maritime Trade Arab and Persian mariners use Chinese compass, Asian/Indian lateen sail, Hellenistic astrolab Banks Large scale and services Credit

20 Islamic Economy Merchants combine resources for group investments
Trade as far as Russia, Scandinavia, and West Africa Al-Andalus Islamic Spain Conquered by Muslim Berbers Capital city of Cordoba Produced quality products to trade

21 Muslim Women Male dominance Men respect women
Control of women’s social and sexual lives Men respect women Men take up to four wives- women only one husband #patriarchyagain Adopt veiling from Mesopotamia and Persia Sign of modesty Discourage attention of men

22 Islamic Values Quran and sharia as main sources for moral guidelines
Ulama, qadis, and missionaries promote Islamic values Education Mosques Elementary and religious instruction Madrasas- high education institutions Islamic theology and law

23 Sufism Islamic mystics Most effective missionaries
Encouraged devotion to Allah through singing and dancing Worked to increase spiritual awareness instead of focusing on religious doctrine Al-Ghazali ( ) Human reason too frail to truly understand Allah and the nature of the world Appreciation comes from devotion and guidance of the Quran

24 Cultural Interactions
Persian Influences Literary works Administrative techniques (Sasanids) Kingship- wise, benevolent, absolute Indian Influences Hindi numerals= Arabic numerals Algebra and trigonometry Greek Influences Philosophy- Aristotle and Plato Ibn Rushd ( )- AKA Averroes Sought rational understanding of the world

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