HUMAN EVOLUTION Cartoon https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ci9jfMvoLb4

I. PRIMATES HUMANS BELONG TO THE GROUP OF MAMMALS CALLED-PRIMATES THIS INCLUDES ALL MONKEYS & APES What characteristics do primates have?

PRIMATE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS Strong Hands OPPOSABLE THUMBS-GRASPING SHOULDER JOINTS MOVE FREELY-SWINGING IN TREES, HAND TO HAND BINOCULAR VISION JUDGE DISTANCE THESE ARE TRAITS FROM OUR TREE-DWELLING ANCESTORS LARGER, MORE COMPLEX BRAIN THAN MOST MAMMALS

PRIMATES SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS COMPLEX SOCIAL BEHAVIORS- live in large groups TAKE CARE OF YOUNG FOR EXTENDED TIME AFTER BIRTH USE TOOLS Hunt for other animals

TRAITS HUMANS HAVE THAT other Primates DO NOT UPRIGHT POSTURE because SHAPE of PELVIS SHORTER PELVIS SHORTER ARMS HUMAN SPINE CURVED APE SPINE STRAIGHTER

Chimp Human Skeletons

II. PRIMATE EVOLUTION OLDEST PRIMATE FOSSIL 65 MYO 55 MYA PRIMATES SPLIT INTO 2 GROUPS: • PROSIMIANS & ANTHROPOIDS PROSIMIANS-PRE-MONKEY SMALL, W/LARGE FORWARD FACING EYES. NOCTURNAL, INSECT EATERS, TREE DWELLERS. PREHENSILE TAIL

PROSIMIANS LORIS LEMUR

ANTHROPOIDS Includes monkeys, APES & HUMANS

Hominids HOMO SAPIENS – HOMINIDS -ANTHROPOIDS that are human HOMO SAPIENS – ONLY HOMINIDS LIVING Scientists have not found the first Hominid ancestor that separated from the apes Fossil evidence of other hominids indicates that this may have occurred 5-8 Million Years Ago

II. HOMINIDS OLDEST HOMINID FOSSIL 6.0 Million Years AUSTRALOPITHECUS (genus) 3.5-4.4 mya “SOUTHERN APE” Discovered in S. Africa 1924 Raymond Dart FOUND CHILD’S SKULL- A. africanus (species) LIVED 2.7-2.1 MYA

A. AUSTRALOPITHECUS DISCOVERIES 1936 Hip bone fossil found. What does this bone help anthropologist determine? Bi-pedalism, upright walking 1974 Donald Johanson- found a small, female skeleton- LUCY. A. afarensis lived 3-4 mya MARY LEAKY found hominid footprints of an adult & child

AUSTRALOPITHECUS CHARACTERISTICS BIPEDAL APE-LIKE FEATURES, Longer arms than Homo sapiens, Brains not much larger than modern apes, short stature No tools have so far been found with Australopithecus remains. Why?

LUCY Videos Walking http://www. pbs SHE WAS APPROX. 3’6” WEIGHED 62 LBS. 25 YEARS OLD SHE WAS THE MOST COMPLETE SKELETON FOUND

HOMO habilis AKA “HANDY MAN” 2.5-1.7 MYA 1964 discovered in AFRICA DIRECT ANCESTOR OF Modern Humans 1964 discovered in AFRICA Found TOOLS & WEAPONS ½ size of modern humans Why did they have bigger brains?

HOMO HABILIS

C. HOMO ERECTUS 1.7-? MYA “UPRIGHT MAN” 1 Million Years Ago FIRST Hominid that Migrated out of Africa into Europe and Asia May have been hunters and gatherers Larger cranium than habilis Found hand axes & charred animal bones with remains Hypothesized they may have lived in shelters & wore animal hides -Lived during an Ice Age

D. HOMO SAPIENS “Wise Man” Fossils date 500,000-300,000 Years old 2 GROUPS IN THE FOSSIL RECORD NEANDERTHAL & CRO MAGNON

1. NEANDERTHAL Lived throughout Europe 150,000-30,000 YA Brain about the same size as modern humans May have spoken Hyoid bone in throat found with some fossils Heavy brow ridge Small chin and large, broad nose Tools at graves, and recent evidence of cave paintings

NEANDERTHAL

2. CRO-MAGNON 1868 found in France by Louis Lartet LIVED 100,000 YA Cave paintings, Tool use Narrower nasal opening Small, pointed chin

WHAT HAPPENED TO NEANDERTHALS? Two theories 1. Did they get out competed by Cro-Magnon? 2. Did they Interbreed w/them? Evidence most people of European ancestry have 1-4% Neanderthal DNA in their DNA sequence http://www.history.com/topics/ice-age/videos/who-killed-the-neanderthals

Homo florensis Hobbits. http://humanorigins. si florensis skull Modern Human Lived 50,000 Y.A