CHAPTER 51: Animal Behavior Warm-Up Question: What makes you respond and act the way you do? Did you always act this way, why or why not? Then list as many learned and instinctive types of behaviors you can think of. HINT: Keep in mind what you read last night! WRITE IN PENCILS……we’re going to create a list like in the tv show ‘HOUSE.’

OUR GOAL FOR TODAY Distinguish difference between kinesis & taxis. Understand and recognize the various forms of animal communication. Identify the role of altruism and inclusive fitness of kin selection.

Behavior What is behavior? What an animal does and how it does it What is behavioral ecology? The genetic component of behavior that associates animals behavior with an increase in fitness.

Proximate vs. Ultimate Cause What is proximate causation? The immediate cause and/or mechanism underlying a behavior. What is ultimate causation? The evolution for the existence of a behavior. Human sweet tooth - proximate cause = enjoyment of sweets makes us eat them. Ultimate cause = high energy in sweets is beneficial to survival

Learning What is the difference between instinctive behavior and learned behavior? Learned behavior shows modification of behavior based on a specific experience. Different from maturation.

TYPES OF LEARNED BEHAVIOR IMPRINTING…. 2. HABITUATION….. COGNITIVE MAP…internal representation of spatial relationships among objects in one’s surroundings. ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING….associate on feature of environment to another. Classical conditioning…..associate stimuli with specific reward/punishment. Operant conditioning…..associates one behavior with reward/punishment. COGNITION….nervous system process of perception, storing and processing information.

WHY WE REACT OR DO WHAT WE DO……? INNATE (FIXED) Fixed Action Pattern is a sequence of unrelated acts that is largely unchangeable and usually carried to completion. Triggered by a sign stimuli. Kinesis is response to a stimuli. Taxis-automatic +/- movement in response to a stimulus. Migration Piloting Orientation Navigation Circadian rhythms occur daily triggered by lunar cycles. Pheromones Visual signs Auditory signs Red bellies release aggressive behavior in male fish

DEVELOPMENT OF BEHAVIORS Genetic Environment EXPLANATION OF BEHAVIORS Foraging…..includes not only eating, but the mechanism used in searching for, recognizing & capturing food. Optimal Foraging Model…..compromise between benefits of nutrition & cost of getting food. Mating systems Promiscuous….with no strong pair-bonds. Monogamous…one male & one female. Polygamous….on individual mating with several others. Agnostic behaviors….ritualized contests for food & mates.

Social Behaviors Agonistic behavior-contest of threatening ands submissive behavior that determines which competitor gains access to a resource Dominance hierarchies Territoriality Mating behaviors Altruism

Societies Group of interacting and cooperating members within a population. Communication Pheromones bee dance What is the ultimate cause of altruistic behavior? Kin selection Altruism….animals behave to reduce their individual fitness but increase the fitness of other individuals in the population. Inclusive fitness…..total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing its own offspring and providing aid that enables other close relatives to produce offspring. The natural selection that favors this kind of altruistic behavior by enhancing reproductive success of relatives is called kin selection.

WHAT DID I LEARN TODAY? Directions: Respond to the following questions in your notebook. What is a behavior & how are they developed? Describe the evolutionary basis for behavioral ecology & explain why these adaptations may result in suboptimal behavior. What is the premise of sociobiology? Consider how the immune, digestive, nervous, circulatory & respiratory systems and all the senses contribute to homeostasis in animals. Evaluate and draw a conclusion as to whether or not this is a learned or innate behavior & justify it.