TOOLS FOR MINING DEVELOPMENT POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION Communities and Small Scale Mining – November 2006 – Antsirabe, Madagascar TOOLS FOR MINING DEVELOPMENT POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION Peter Nelson Land Use Consultants UK

Order of Presentation Setting the context Appraisal Methods Communities and Small Scale Mining – November 2006 – Antsirabe, Madagascar Order of Presentation Setting the context Appraisal Methods Limitations of EIA The Role of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)

A MINERAL-RICH COUNTRY 1

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NATIONAL PROFILE

|Historical Development NATIONAL PROFILE |Historical Development Colonial Rule – Extensive mining Independence – Socialist state - Free Enterprise - Reform Agenda

NATIONAL PROFILE |Historical Development Economic Performance

|Historical Development NATIONAL PROFILE |Historical Development Economic Performance Legal Structure Community Rights ‘Crown Land’ / Private Holdings Nationalised Mineral Resources Concessions Restored Community Rights

|Historical Development NATIONAL PROFILE |Historical Development Economic Performance Legal Structure Governance Centralised Control of Resources No Community Involvement

|Historical Development NATIONAL PROFILE |Historical Development Economic Performance Legal Structure Governance Livelihoods/ Social Welfare Ruling ‘Elite’ Impoverished Population

NATIONAL PROFILE |Historical Development Economic Performance Legal Structure Governance Livelihoods/ Social Welfare Attitudes to Mining & Mineral Development

X EXISTING MINES AND IMPACT ZONES Y

INDUSTRIAL MINING Open pit non-ferrous metal mining Overburden - tailings Water / air pollution Conflicting landuses Labour issues Health issues

COMMUNITY MINING AREAS AND IMPACT ZONES B

COMMUNITY MINING Environmental Damage Water / air pollution Health and safety issues Population migration Economic instability Criminal activity

POTENTIAL OPEN PIT MINES WITH EIAS 1 2 3

CUMULATIVE EFFECTS X Y 1 2 3

X Y NEED FOR ACTION 1 2 3 Policy Reforms (Legal / Fiscal / Land Tenure etc.) Sector-wide Assessment 1 2 3

The EIA-SEA-SA Family Environmental Impact Assessment Economic Social

The EIA-SEA-SA Family Environmental Impact Assessment Strategic Economic Environment Social

The EIA-SEA-SA Family Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Impact Assessment Sustainability Appraisal Economic Environment Social

Comparing EIA and SEA procedural conceptual project orientated and site specific reactive, few alternatives (if any), output and permit driven omitting unforeseen cumulative impacts. SEA conceptual strategic and open-ended, proactive, many variants, process driven considers cumulative effects

How Does SEA Relate to Other Processes? Integrated Impact Assessment STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Social Impact Assessment Adaptive Impact Assessment Sustainability Appraisal Cumulative Impact Assessment Explanation of SEA, especially in SA context. Also mention distorted use of the term in the project – cause of much confusion.

Why SEA? To guide development within sustainable limits. Communities and Small Scale Mining – November 2006 – Antsirabe, Madagascar Why SEA? To guide development within sustainable limits. To evaluate policies, plans and programmes, (adopting an integrated view of the environment, covering biophysical, social and economic issues), To challenge preconceived ideas and conventional wisdom, To offer a pro-active management instrument, Explanation of SEA, especially in SA context. Also mention distorted use of the term in the project – cause of much confusion.

What are the Goals for a Mining SEA? Communities and Small Scale Mining – November 2006 – Antsirabe, Madagascar What are the Goals for a Mining SEA? To establish the appropriate institutional and organisational framework To refine policies, plans and programmes to make their consequences more sustainable. To improve links between policies and programmes and actions designed specifically to help the poor. To build understanding and capacity in SEA techniques, Explanation of SEA, especially in SA context. Also mention distorted use of the term in the project – cause of much confusion.

SEA METHODOLOGY Step 1 Understanding the Context Step 2 Determining Goals, Objectives and Targets Step 3 Defining Baseline Conditions Step 4 Evaluating the Existing Policies /Plans Step 5 Predicting Effects Step 6 Developing Indicators Step 7 Considering Alternatives Step 8 Considering the Scope for Mitigation Step 9 Monitoring and Evaluation

Typical Policy Formulation Process DEFINE THE PROBLEM SUMMARISE KEY ISSUES SET OUT A GOAL / VISION DEVELOP POLICY OPTIONS DRAFT POLICIES DEBATE DRAFT POLICY REFINE POLICY APPROVE POLICY

Typical Policy Formulation Process Introducing SEA to Policy DEFINE THE PROBLEM SCOPE SUMMARISE KEY ISSUES BASELINE SET OUT A GOAL / VISION ANALYSIS DEVELOP POLICY OPTIONS ALTERNATIVES DRAFT POLICIES PREPARE REPORT DEBATE DRAFT POLICY CONFIRM DECISIONS REFINE POLICY MONITOR RESULTS APPROVE POLICY

COMMUNITY LIAISION FORESTRY AND MINING

Typical Policy Formulation Process Introducing SEA to Policy DEFINE THE PROBLEM P SCOPE SUMMARISE KEY ISSUES BASELINE SET OUT A GOAL / VISION ANALYSIS DEVELOP POLICY OPTIONS ALTERNATIVES DRAFT POLICIES PREPARE REPORT DEBATE DRAFT POLICY CONFIRM DECISIONS REFINE POLICY MONITOR RESULTS APPROVE POLICY

Typical Policy Formulation Process Introducing SEA to Policy DEFINE THE PROBLEM P SCOPE SUMMARISE KEY ISSUES BASELINE SET OUT A GOAL / VISION ANALYSIS P DEVELOP POLICY OPTIONS ALTERNATIVES DRAFT POLICIES PREPARE REPORT DEBATE DRAFT POLICY CONFIRM DECISIONS REFINE POLICY MONITOR RESULTS APPROVE POLICY

Typical Policy Formulation Process Introducing SEA to Policy DEFINE THE PROBLEM P SCOPE SUMMARISE KEY ISSUES BASELINE SET OUT A GOAL / VISION ANALYSIS P DEVELOP POLICY OPTIONS ALTERNATIVES DRAFT POLICIES PREPARE REPORT DEBATE DRAFT POLICY P CONFIRM DECISIONS REFINE POLICY MONITOR RESULTS APPROVE POLICY

PRINCIPLES OF SEA (1) To improve policy-making and planning: Communities and Small Scale Mining – November 2006 – Antsirabe, Madagascar PRINCIPLES OF SEA (1) To improve policy-making and planning: Establish clear goals Integrate with existing structures Be flexible, iterative and customised Analyse effects and risks Justify options and trade-offs Identify environmental opportunities and constraints Examine links between environmental, social and economic factors,

PRINCIPLES OF SEA (2) To improve policy-making and planning: Communities and Small Scale Mining – November 2006 – Antsirabe, Madagascar PRINCIPLES OF SEA (2) To improve policy-making and planning: Involve key stakeholders Encourage public involvement Build in independent quality-assurance, Be transparent and publish results Be cost-effective Encourage follow-up reviews Build capacity

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