HORMONES Part 2 Henderson

Local VS Systemic Local Systemic Synthesizes in various tissue types Exert profound changes in the body. Act locally Act throughout the entire body. Have a regulatory effect. Produced by one specific gland.

Local Hormones Histamine: Prostaglandins: Found in all tissues of the body. Causes bronchial constriction, stomach acid secretion, blood vessel dilation, and local swelling, pain and itching Prostaglandins: A group of hormones that cause a variety of local reactions. Cause uterine and bronchial contractions/relaxations, decreased gastric secretions, pain and inflammation.

When too much Histamine is released… Could be caused by an allergic reaction, seasonal allergies, or overproduction of histamine in general, the body needs an antihistamine to counteract the histamine. Used for the treatment of allergies, rash, hay fever, motion sickness, nausea, and dizziness. Side effects: Drowsiness, anticholinergic effects

Sedating Antihistamines BRAND GENERIC USE Benadryl Diphenhydramine Allergies Chlor-Trimeton Chlorpheniramine Atarax/Vistaril Hydroxyzine Antivert, Bonine, Dramamine Meclizine Nausea/motion sickness Phenergan Promethazine Competitively antagonize histamine at the H1 receptor to block antihistamine.

Non-Sedating Antihistamines Type 1 Brand Generic Use Claritin Loratidine Allergies Allegra Fexofenadine Zyrtec Cetirizine Claritin-D, Zyrtec-D, Allegra-D All have the same active ingredient as above however they also contain Pseudoephedrine (PSE) which is a decongestant and can cause increased blood pressure.

Non-Sedating Antihistamines Type II Brand Generic Use Tagamet Cimetidine Acid reflux Zantac Ranitidine Pepcid Famotidine Completely block histamine at the H2 receptors. They are sued to treat ulcers and reflux disease/heartburn.

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) These are not H2 receptor antaonists or antihistamines They provide long-lasting reduction of gastric acid production by blocking the enzyme system that secretes gastric acid. Used for Dyspepsia (ia- pertaining to, dys- Painful, peps/o- digestion), Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Side effects: Headache, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain and dizziness.

PPIs Brand Generic Use Prilosec Omeprazole GERD Prevacid Lansoprazole Nexium Esomeprazole Protonix Pantoprazole

What is Prostaglandin? A group of hormones that cause a variety of local reactions such as: Uterine and Bronchial Contractions and Relaxation Decreased gastric secretions Pain Inflammation

When too much Prostaglandin is released Due to an injury or degenerative disease like arthritis, a Prostaglandin Antagonist would be used to decrease swelling/fever and reduce pain. A Prostaglandin Antagonist inhibits or reverses the actions of Prostaglandin by blocking Cox1 and Cox2 enzymes. Cox1 is present in most tissues and also maintains a normal stomach lining. Cox2 is primarily present at sites of inflammation.

Prostaglandin Antagonist Uses: Arthritis, minor pain, fever and inflammation Side effects- ulcers and kidney damage

NSAID (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) Prostaglandin Antagonist BRAND GENERIC USE Motrin/Advil Ibuprofen Swelling, Fever, Pain Aleve/Naprosyn Naproxen Voltaren Diclofenac Indocin Indomethacin Feldene Piroxicam Lodine Etodelac Toradol Ketorolac Mobic Meloxicam Ecotrin, Bayer Aspirin Relefen Nabumetone Cox2 selective: Celebrex Celecoxib

What are PROGESTINS? Systemic hormones excreted by the Corpus Luteum (a hormone- secreting structure that develops in an ovary after an egg has been discharged but degenerates after a few days unless pregnancy has begun) Most commonly used for: Hormone replacement (menopause) Contraception BRAND GENERIC USE Provera Medroxyprogesterone Hormone replacement

Prostaglandins Used for NSAID ulcer prevention and abortion Brand Generic Use Cytotec Misoprostol Abortion

Systemic Hormones Androgens: Male hormones that are secreted by the testes which are responsible for development of sexual characteristics. Most commonly used tor: Testosterone deficiency Muscle Wasting (severely anemic and cancer patients) Side Effects: Masculinizing effects BRAND GENERIC USE Androgel/Androderm/Testim Testosterone Hormone deficiency

Systemic Hormones Continued… Estrogens: female hormones secreted by the ovaries that are responsible for development of sexual characteristics. Most commonly used for: Hormone replacement (menopause) Prevent Osteoporosis Contraception Side Effects: headaches, blood clots Brand Generic Premarin Conjugated Estrogens Ogen Estropipate