Vice Nigeria video Why do you think the Niger Delta region is so poor, even if they have huge oil reserves? What steps should Nigeria take to address oil spills? What steps should Nigeria take to combat oil piracy?

Nigerian Political Institutions and Linkage Institutions

Warm up! Give 2 positive effects and two negative effects of the oil industry in Nigeria. In your opinion, which of the cleavages in Nigeria causes the most conflict? Explain. True or false: Nigeria has crosscutting cleavages. Explain your answer. Which of the following do you think has the greatest effect on Nigerian society? Low literacy rates Disease High poverty rates Gini income inequality coefficient of .43 (lowest is .24, highest .65)

FRQ—2015 #6

Government Institutions First, Parliamentary Why did a parliamentary multiparty system fail? Military rule (all executive power) Presidential system since 1979 (really 1999 if you take out all the coups) Based on U.S. Constitution!

Federalism? Federalism is:_______________ Technically, Nigeria is now federal, but state governments rely heavily on the national government Regional candidates only want to win $$$ for their region

Devolution in Nigeria Devolution—The granting of more autonomy to a province in a country Some devolution occurring—why? Niger Delta wants more, want to control their resources Also tired of corruption Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta

The National Question Should Nigeria even stay together as a country?

Executive Branch Under military rule, had complete power Since return to democracy in 1999: Limited to 2 four year terms (actually worked in 2007!) Must include one member from all 36 states in his cabinet (attempt at unity) In charge of huge Nigerian bureaucracy

Bureaucracy Function based on state corporatism Para-statals— Organizations owned by the state that provide commercial and social welfare services Exist in Iran too Generally inefficient (promotions based on patronage) Example: NEPA, then PHC Show huge role that Nigerian government plays in the economy Barrier to democracy?

Patron clientelism Huge patronage systems exist in Nigeria In Nigeria, called prebendalism In return for allegiance and support, people get promoted (patron- clientelism) What was it called in Russia? China?

Legislative Branch Parliamentary until 1979, now presidential National Assembly— Bicameral legislature Senate—upper house 109 senators (3 from all 36 states, 13 women!) Direct, plurality elections House of Representatives 360 single-member- districts Very ethnically and religiously diverse

Legislative Branch No power under military leaders Now, actually “check” the president‘s power every once in a while Did not ratify Obasanjo’s amendment to add 3rd presidential term Corruption! Oladimeji Sabur Bankole

Judicial Branch Before military leaders, actually pretty autonomous and strong No judicial review under military leaders Today, judicial review “theoretically” exists Supreme Court 2007 investigations and removals of corrupt officials Federalism—state vs federal courts States can authorize traditional courts based on sharia law (12 states have) (devolution) Zamfara, Nigeria

The Military Obviously, pretty strong (coups) Military in government—When the military controls the govt. Military in barracks— Doing the jobs that a military is supposed to do (or trying to) Actually serves to unify the country against cleavages

Elections Presidential elections Legislative Elections Run-off election if no winner in first round Must get at least 25% in 2/3 of states to win (don’t want regional candidates that will further divide the country) Legislative Elections Single-member, winner-take-all districts No run-off elections

Civil Society Trade and labor unions—Becoming more powerful as democracy progresses Nigeria Labor Congress—Huge strike in 2007 against rise in fuel costs, actually got government to subsidize oil prices

Participation in the Government 2011—54% voted Media—Strong and independent of the government More newspapers in the south Lots of NGO’s and interest groups that protest regularly

Pictionary Race! The National Question Devolution Goodluck Jonathan Federalism in Nigeria Judicial branch of Nigeria Colonial Rule State corporatism National Assembly Hausa Igbo Yoruba Biafran War Goodluck Jonathan Plurality election Coup d’etat Prebendalism Patron-client system Para-statal Niger Delta