1 International migrants as a share of population Source: United Nations.

2 Origin of migrants to EU-15 Source: OECD Database on Expatriates and Immigrants, 2004/2005 Latin America (4.4 per cent) Ecuador: 0.7 Colombia: 0.7 Suriname: 0.6 Brazil: 0.6 Argentina: 0.5 Jamaica: 0.4 Venezuela: 0.4 Peru: 0.3 Chile: 0.2 Africa (13.6 per cent) Morocco: 4.5 Nigeria: 0.4 Algeria: 3.9 Senegal: 0.4 Tunisia: 1.3Somalia: 0.3 Angola: 0.6 Ghana: 0.3 South Africa: 0.6 Dem. Republic of Kenya: 0.4 Congo: 0.3 Egypt: 0.4 Mozambique: 0.2 EU-15 Wider Europe (16.4 per cent) Turkey: 5.8Croatia: 1.0 Serbia-Montenegro: 2.2Russia: 0.7 Albania: 1.7Bulgaria: 0.3 Romania: 1.6Lithuania: 0.3 Ukraine: 1.4Belarus: 0.3 Bi-H: 1.1 Asia (7.0 per cent) India: 1.8 Pakistan: 1.2 Vietnam: 0.8 China: 0.7 Indonesia: 0.6 Bangladesh: 0.5 Philippines: 0.5 Sri Lanka: 0.4 Hong Kong: 0.3 Japan: 0.2 Intra-EU migration: ABOUT HALF

3 Skill level of migrants to Europe and North America Source: OECD Database on Expatriates and Immigrants, 2004/2005

4 Where do low-skilled migrants in the OECD come from? Source: OECD Database on Expatriates and Immigrants, 2004/2005

5 The Migration Cycle Source: OECD (2007) Migration affects development in three ways (+/-): –Changes in labour supply –Receipt of remittances –Changes in productivity The relative importance of each effect varies over the migration cycle

6 Skill levels and poverty reduction Low-skilled mobility raises wages or reduces unemployment/underemployment The low-skilled remit more –Circular mobility –Unaccompanied by family members –Shorter stays –Closer to home Remittances by the low-skilled have a larger poverty-reduction impact

7 Brain drain: gains and losses Source: OECD (2007) Brain gain for some countries –Incentive for quality improvement in the educational system –No chance to work in qualified jobs –Returning “brains” Brain drain hits the poorest developing countries hardest!

8 Brain Drain: A Problem for the Poorest Countries Source: OECD Database on Expatriates and Immigrants, 2004/2005; Cohen and Soto (2001)

9 Remittances matter…. Source: IMF Balance of Payments Statistics; UN Trends in Migrant Stock, Money sent home annually, per migrant (2000)

10 percentage Source: Fomin, Pew Hispanic Center Consumption Goods Education SavingOther Cons. Investment …. mostly used for consumption Uses of remittances, Mexico 2000

11 Summing up 1.Humanitarian crisis/illegal migration only part of the inflow 2.Brain drain – more complex; some countries gain by exporting 3.Remittances good, but not good enough 4.Complex interaction: development - migration

12 Concluding remarks Migration an integral part of globalisation Creating more awareness of the development – migration nexus Striving for policy coherence Not raising false hopes, promoting realistic solutions

13 For more info:

14 What about illegal immigration? Estimates of illegal immigrants for selected countries: –United States: million (3.5-4% population) –Netherlands ( % population) –Switzerland ( % population) –Greece (3.4% population) Overstaying often more common than fraudulent entry or sea landings –Italy, 2005 estimates: 60% “overstayers”, 25% entered with false documents, and 14% entered by sea landings in southern Italy Source: International Migration Outlook 2006, 2007

15 Estimates of the Irregular Migrant Stock thousands% of pop.Year (years since regularisation) Japan United States (18) Netherlands Spain* (4) Italy (4) Greece* (3) Portugal (6) Source: OECD * = Subsequent regularisations not accounted for in these estimates.

16 Transfer costs high Costs of transfers to Mexico (%, for 200 USD ) Source: Pew Hispanic Center Costs of remittances to Latin America * (%, 200 USD) Cuba Rep. Dominican Jamaica Haïti Venezuela Bolivia Mexico Honduras Guatemala Nicaragua Colombia El Salvador Peru Ecuador Average * From USA; 2004 Source: PEW Hispanic Center