1. Skilled Migration and Brain Drain from Latin America Çağlar Özden DECRG The World Bank The views expressed in this presentation are those of the author and should not be attributed to the World Bank, its Executive Directors and the countries they represent.

2. Regional Distribution of Immigrants to the USA 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 1990s1980s1970s Africa Middle East Eastern Europe Developed Countries Asia Latin America

3. MIgrantsin the US Labor Force Decade of Arrival - 100,000 200,000 300,000 2,000,000 2,700,000 Mexico El Salvador Dom. Rep. Guatemala Cuba Jamaica Colombia Haiti Honduras Peru Ecuador Nicaragua Brazil Guyana Trin. & Tob. Venezuela Argentina Panama Chile Costa Rica Bolivia - 100,000 200,000 300,000 2,000,000 2,700,000 Mexico El Salvador Dom. Rep. Guatemala Cuba Jamaica Colombia Haiti Honduras Peru Ecuador Nicaragua Brazil Guyana Trin. & Tob. Venezuela Argentina Panama Chile Costa Rica Bolivia 1980s 1990s Migrants in the US Labor Force, by Decade of Arrival

4. Education by Region: Home-educated 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% AfricaAsiaEastern Europe Latin America Middle East Western Europe/ Canada United States less than high-school high-school/some college college graduate

5. Education by Region: US-educated 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% Africa AsiaEastern Europe Latin America Middle East Western Europe/ Canada United States less than high-school high-school/some college college graduate

6. Migrants in the US Labor Force – 1990s Arrivals

7. Migrants in the US Labor Force – 1980s Arrivals

8. Share of Educated Population Living Abroad 00.10.20.30.40.5 North America Western Europe Eastern Europe Middle East/North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia South Asia South America Central America Caribbean

9. Tertiary education at home and among immigrants to the US, 1990s

10. Percent of College Graduates in the US

11. Share of College Educated Migrants by Age of Arrival to the US 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% MexicoCentral AmericaCaribbeanAndeanSouth America 0-56-1213-1718-21

12. Labor Market Performance of Migrants Educated at Home – 1990s Arrival

13. Percent of College Educated Migrants in Skilled Jobs in 2000 0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90% Kenya China India Russia United Kingdom Guatemala Mexico

14. Occupation by Region: College Degree at Home 0% 20% 40% 60% AfricaAsiaEastern Europe Latin America Middle East Western Europe/ Canada United States skilledtechnicianunskilled

15. Predicted Probability of Employment of Female Migrants 1990s Arrival

16. Labor Market Performance of Female Migrants 1990s Arrival CP21498T