Exemplar Dynamics VOT of stops varies in languages VOT of stops varies in languages So people learn language specific VOT So people learn language specific VOT It's not a phonetic universal or associated with innate category It's not a phonetic universal or associated with innate category

Exemplar Dynamics Exemplar theory Exemplar theory Phonological patterns arise from language use/experience Phonological patterns arise from language use/experience Words stored with phonetic details Words stored with phonetic details  This explains frequency effects

Exemplar Dynamics In formal theories a rule applies when context is met In formal theories a rule applies when context is met There is no way to fit frequency There is no way to fit frequency Phonetic details shouldn't influence processing Phonetic details shouldn't influence processing

Exemplar Dynamics In formal theories the mental lexicon (storage) is separate from processing In formal theories the mental lexicon (storage) is separate from processing In formal theories words stored with small inventory of phonemes In formal theories words stored with small inventory of phonemes Phonemes are identical in all words Phonemes are identical in all words

Exemplar Dynamics In formal theories the mental lexicon (storage) is separate from processing In formal theories the mental lexicon (storage) is separate from processing In formal theories words stored with small inventory of phonemes In formal theories words stored with small inventory of phonemes Phonemes are identical in all words Phonemes are identical in all words Fact that rules can apply to new words is “evidence” for existence of rule Fact that rules can apply to new words is “evidence” for existence of rule

Exemplar Dynamics In formal theories sound changes apply to all words with same phonemes In formal theories sound changes apply to all words with same phonemes So, all words must be comprised of same units So, all words must be comprised of same units

Exemplar Dynamics In exemplar theory words stored in surface form In exemplar theory words stored in surface form

Exemplar Dynamics In exemplar theory words stored in surface form In exemplar theory words stored in surface form The mental lexicon (UR) and processing (rules) are not separate but interrelated The mental lexicon (UR) and processing (rules) are not separate but interrelated

Exemplar Dynamics In exemplar theory words stored in surface form In exemplar theory words stored in surface form The mental lexicon (UR) and processing (rules) are not separate but interrelated The mental lexicon (UR) and processing (rules) are not separate but interrelated A word or phone or morpheme is a category A word or phone or morpheme is a category

Exemplar Dynamics In exemplar theory words stored in surface form In exemplar theory words stored in surface form The mental lexicon (UR) and processing (rules) are not separate but interrelated The mental lexicon (UR) and processing (rules) are not separate but interrelated A word or phone or morpheme is a category A word or phone or morpheme is a category Members of the category are stored in a cloud of related exemplars Members of the category are stored in a cloud of related exemplars

Exemplar Dynamics In exemplar theory words stored in surface form In exemplar theory words stored in surface form The mental lexicon (UR) and processing (rules) are not separate but interrelated The mental lexicon (UR) and processing (rules) are not separate but interrelated A word or phone or morpheme is a category A word or phone or morpheme is a category Members of the category are stored in a cloud of related exemplars Members of the category are stored in a cloud of related exemplars More similar exemplar are stored “closer” to each other (or with stronger connections) More similar exemplar are stored “closer” to each other (or with stronger connections)

Exemplar Dynamics Exemplar are related/belong to same cloud/category because they are perceived to be the same thing Exemplar are related/belong to same cloud/category because they are perceived to be the same thing A form can belong to different categories A form can belong to different categories e.g. shoot e.g. shoot  stored under different meanings  stored with relationships to frustration  stored with voice of person who says it a lot

Exemplar Dynamics Can you store everything you've ever said/heard? Can you store everything you've ever said/heard? Possibilities Possibilities  Older memories decay  Many exemplars are so similar they fuse into the same thing

Exemplar Dynamics Exemplars are stored with other exemplar most similar to it Exemplars are stored with other exemplar most similar to it The more similar, the stronger the relationship The more similar, the stronger the relationship More recently activated (used) exemplars are stronger More recently activated (used) exemplars are stronger

Exemplar Dynamics Exemplar: a memory trace of an experience Exemplar: a memory trace of an experience

Exemplar Dynamics Is exemplar “x” [I] or [ ɛ ]? Is exemplar “x” [I] or [ ɛ ]?

Prototype Theory Prototype: Prototype: Most central member of category Most central member of category

Prototype Theory Prototype: Prototype: Most central member of category Most central member of category The one new exemplars are compared with to determine what category it belongs to The one new exemplars are compared with to determine what category it belongs to

Exemplar Theory No real single prototype, Instead No real single prototype, Instead Densely populated part of cloud Densely populated part of cloud Many exemplars Many exemplars High frequency exemplar High frequency exemplar Lots of connections between exemplar Lots of connections between exemplar

Exemplar Theory No real single prototype, Instead No real single prototype, Instead Densely populated part of cloud Densely populated part of cloud Many exemplars Many exemplars High frequency exemplar High frequency exemplar Lots of connections between exemplar Lots of connections between exemplar

Exemplar Theory There is competition between clouds of exemplars There is competition between clouds of exemplars “the probability for a label is influenced both by the activation of exemplars having that label, and by competition from other labels having exemplars in the same area of the cognitive map.” “the probability for a label is influenced both by the activation of exemplars having that label, and by competition from other labels having exemplars in the same area of the cognitive map.”

Exemplar Theory “In perception, the encoded phonetic character of an incoming stimulus locates it in the parameter space. Activation of exemplars in the neighborhood is passed upwards to the labels, with the most probable label winning in competition with alternatives. Production proceeds in the opposite direction.”

Exemplar Theory “The likelihood that a particular exemplar will be selected is proportionate to its strength. Production is taken to be sensitive to strength in exactly the same way that perceptual classification is.”