Prof.V.M.Mohamed Ali

 Is a facility where cargo containers are transhipped.  The transshipment may be between container ships and land vehicles.  Both maritime and inland container terminals usually provide storage facilities for both loaded and empty containers  It's common for cargo that arrives to a container terminal in a single ship to be distributed over several modes of transportation for delivery to inland customers

 Transshipment or transhipment is the shipment of goods or containers to an intermediate destination, then to yet another destination.  to combine small shipments into a large shipment (consolidation)  dividing the large shipment at the other end (deconsolidation)

 total container flow that is handled at the port or terminal  after temporary storage in the stack, transferred to another ship to reach their destinations  mostly depending on the inclusion of inland water transport

 The definition of transshipment may:  include only seaborne transfers (a change to another international deep-sea container ship); or  include both seaborne and inland waterway ship transfers (sometimes called water-to- water transshipment).

 The world's busiest ports are commonly ranked by cargo tonnage and by volume of container shipment measured in TEUs.  Since the 2000s, the Port of Shanghai has surpassed the Port of Singapore and the Port of Hong Kong to become the world's busiest port by both measures.

 Port of Shanghai, China (World's busiest container port since 2010)  Port of Singapore, Singapore (World's busiest transshipment port)  Port of Miami, United States (World's busiest cruise port).  Port of Piraeus, Greece (World's busiest passenger port).

 A port operator is port authority or company that contracts with the port authority to move cargo through a port at a contracted minimum level of productivity.  work involves managing the movement of cargo containers

 In order to achieve economies of scales, new ships are built with much greater capacity  The deployment of larger ships demands huge investment in providing greater depth alongside the berth of the calling ports as well as more powerful quay cranes with long outreach and lift height.  They are also being forced to improved container terminals efficiency to provide comparative advantages that will attract more traffic

 secure traffic flows and prevent diversion to nearby ports  Handling containers and cargos more rapidly  Providing more adequate and performing equipment  Reducing berth times and delays  Enabling large storage capacity  Ensuring multi-model connections to hinterland.

 Quay Crane - Loading of truck/vessel - Unloading of truck  Dwell time - Transactional dwell time - Discretionary dwell time  Infrastructure - Physical infrastructure – Soft infrastructure Container Terminal Efficiency - Increase in input (performance) - Increase in output (throughput of container Custom Clearance - Security and custom practices - Integrated IT System

 Comparing port efficiency as one of the parameters (but not the only one) Commercial negotiations between port operator and shippers  As a daily management tool for evaluating operational performance Setting a benchmark for port directors P

 CONTAINER TRAFFIC MUST BE MEASURED IN BOX’S – NOT TEU  INDICATORS CAN BE USED FOR GENERAL CARGO AND  BULK TRMINALS, AS WELL INDICATORS CAN BE CALCULATED ON SHIFTS, DAILY,  MONTHLY OR YEARLY BAISIS ONE CAN DEVELOP INDICATORS FOR UTILIZATION OF STORAGE AREA

 By avoid loosing of time due to: discipline, maintenance, organization,and external reasons  change to better technology of equipment  improve handling system  allocate more Ganges to vessel  Improve information flow

 PORT and terminal operators have long enjoyed healthy returns in the container sector, but industry analysts say that this sustained period of profitability could be about to end amid soaring operating costs and softening demand.

 For terminal operators, replicating home- grown efficiencies in foreign markets can be an ideal way for the businesses to expand when faced with domestic limitations beyond their control.  Many terminal operators have expanded horizontally (for example, doing the same thing in a different place) or vertically (for example, by controlling different aspects of a supply chain).

 The layout of a seaport container terminal consists of different areas each one serving a specific functional purpose.  The four major area types are: ◦ Quay area for mooring the container vessels ◦ Transport area for the transport of containers within the terminal ◦ Yard area for the storage of containers ◦ Truck and train area for serving the external trucks and the trains

 The productivity of ports in terms of Average Ship Turn Around (ASTA) and Average Ship Berth Output (ASBO) has improved in past years.  On three important parameters- capacity, productivity efficiency

 In international terms labour and equipment productivity levels are still very low due to out-dated equipment poor training low equipment handling levels by labour uneconomic labour practices idle time at berth time loss at shift change high mining scales and low datum.