Cold War Conflicts Chapter 18

Section 1- Origins of the Cold War

Former Allies Clash US and USSR have different plans for their future Russia – Communism: The government had total control over: – property and economy No political parties, No voting rights America: – Capitalism: Private Citizens controlled: Economy, property and held voting rights

Former Allies Clash Leaders: – U.S.: Harry S. Truman – Russia: Joseph Stalin War made us more suspicious of each other – Russia thought we delayed our attack on Germany – The U.S. kept the atomic bomb a secret from Stalin

The United Nations Hopes high for Peace Maybe governments could put aside differences UN: June 1945: 50 Nations – Both U.S. and Soviet Union used U.N. as a forum to spread their influence

Truman Becomes President (Again) Truman’s Role: – Had been kept out of main decisions during war – Forced to jump in without background knowledge

The Potsdam Conference Reason for meeting: Creating a new post war world Who was there: Truman, Attlee, Stalin Issues: – Stalin had gone back on promises for free elections – Democracy wasn’t allowed in Soviet territories US wanted this to help open trade doors – More Communist Countries = Stronger Soviets economy

The Potsdam Conference What the Soviets Needed- – Soviets had lost 20 million people, needed to recoup financial losses – Stalin installed Satellite Governments in his countries

The Potsdam Conference The U.S. Response- – Containment: To keep the Soviets (and Communism) where they are – Europe Divided: Communist and Non Communist areas Churchill felt that an Iron Curtain had fallen across Europe

The Cold War in Europe Cold War: the two most dangerous countries in the world didn’t actually fight The Cold war lasted from

The Cold War in Europe Truman Doctrine – Containment by giving money to countries in jeopardy of being taken over by Communism Marshall Plan – US will provide money to any nation who is fighting off Communism 13 billion in aid to 16 countries

Dealing with Germany Germany -1 st divided into four zones: Brit, US, France, Russia – Then East and West – Berlin was in Soviet territory Divided: Soviets supposed to keep road open, they did not Berlin Airlift – 327 Days, 227,000 flights, 2.3 million tons of supplies dropped by U.S. and Britain

North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO – Seeing what happened in Germany people got nervous 12 countries: Formed NATO for protection – NATO has its own military

Section 2- The Cold War Heats Up

China Becomes a Communist Country No longer isolationist, we get involved in world issues 1 st Korea – Who are we fighting? North Korea and China with Soviet Aid China – US aided Chinese Nationalist Government headed by Chiang Kai- shek, but a new Communist party led by Mao Zedong was on the rise in China

China Becomes a Communist Country China breaks out in a civil war = Communists win U.S. felt that containment failed – Led to fear of Communists at home and abroad

The Korean War Post WWII-Korea was divided : – North (Communist) – South (Supported by the U.S.) – 1950-North Korea attacked South Korea South Korea asks for help, and the U.N. joins 16 nations sent troops, 90% American – Macarthur pushes N. Korea back into their own territory when it looked like we were going to lose

The Korean War Then the Chinese aided the North Koreans, and pushed back to 38 th parallel – MacArthur suggests attacking China Truman says no b/c attacking China would bring Russia in and start WWIII MacArthur calls Truman weak and gets fired

The Korean War 1951-Soviets suggest Peace talks Two Points for Agreement- – Make 38 th parallel the dividing line – Create a demilitarized zone to prevent future fighting

The Korean War The war was a stalemate: No winner – 54,000 dead Americans, cost nearly 67 billion 1952-Election the country wants a new political party to lead us – Eisenhower: Republican party

Section 3- The Cold War at Home

Fear of a Communist Influence People feared Communists would influence our government and we would lose civil rights Some people said Truman was not strict enough Loyalty Review Board – Designed to make sure all gov. employees are loyal 212 gov. employees dismissed

Fear of a Communist Influence House Un-American Activities Committee – Investigated other parts of country: Hollywood Ten- Arrested for not giving names of people who the government accused of being guilty – Hollywood Blacklist created: 500 people thought to be guilty couldn’t get work

Fear of a Communist Influence McCarran Act- – Unlawful to create a dictatorship in U.S.: Took away freedom of thought and speech – Congress voted to override Truman’s veto

Spy Cases Stun the Nation Alger Hiss – Charged with espionage but sent to jail for perjury – Richard Nixon made name for himself in prosecution Ethel and Julius Rosenberg – Soviets explode A bomb 1949 Secrets from U.S. scientists – Rosenbergs accused of leaking secrets – Sent to electric chair 

McCarthyism Senator Joseph McCarthy – Exploited people’s fear for his own gain – Claimed to have 57,81,205 names of Communists Never produced a single name – He ruined lives, and scared people – When he accused the army he lost it all

Section 4 Two Nations Live on the Edge

Brinkmanship Rules U.S. Policy Brinkmanship – To get as close to war without it Develop new bombs to Scare Peace – H-Bomb: 67x the power dropped on Hiroshima (A-Bomb) – Race to see who gets it first Eisenhower and Dulles (Sec. Of State) – Played deadly game against communism build up bombs and Air Force

Cold War Spreads Around the World Cold War Affects World – Middle East 1951-Prime Minister of Iran, takes over Oil Fields U.S. afraid he would turn to USSR We put Shah back in power, but he treated his people bad, they don’t like us

Cold War Spreads Around the World Latin America – U.S. takes Guatemala – Used CIA to train army and invade set up new government that was a dictatorship, but U.S. supported

Cold War Spreads Around the World Warsaw Pact – 1955-Soviet Union and 7 countries form a military alliance Summit in Geneva – U.S. and Russia meet: Ike proposes Open Skies to prevent nuclear attacks Russia says NO but it’s a step towards peace

Cold War Spreads Around the World Suez War – 1955-Nasser wants Dam – U.S. and Brit will aid with $ – U.S. finds out he is talking to USSR – We take our money back – Nasser took control of Dam – England goes to war Israel affected, they use canal UN stepped in and settled the dispute

Cold War Spreads Around the World Eisenhower Doctrine- – U.S. would defend any Middle Eastern nation from Russia Hungary rises up – Imre Nagy makes new gov. – Hungary wants freedom and free elections – Soviets come in with tanks and execute Nagy  – US had promised help, but did nothing

The Cold War Takes to the Skies Stalin Dies and Nikita Krushchev takes over – Hoped for peace, but still wanted Communism Wanted scientific and economic competition – Soviets take lead in space race: Sputnik 1955: U-2 plane shot down – Illegal CIA flights = Hurts peace and peace summit called off as a result